Osmosis :: Papers

Osmosis Introduction Osmosis is the flight of water from a orbit of high water parsimoniousness by dint of a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. The arrive of the investigation is to find the variables that go the count of osmosis and how they affect the rate of answer. The variables that affect the rate of reaction of osmosis are, The surface area of the object, The concentration of the solution, Temperature of the experiment egress area If the surface area of the object is larger then much molecules can pass through the semi-permeable membrane. This provide ultimately increase the rate of reaction. IMAGE IMAGE IMAGEIMAGE Small surface area Large surface area preoccupation If the concentration of the solution is high then it will contain to a greater extent molecules and so the rate of reaction will be shorter. IMAGE IMAGE Low concentration High concentration Temperature of the experiment Generally the high the temperature, the less eon it takes for a reaction. But with living cells there is a point at which the cell will be denatured therefore the rate of reaction will be altered, as the cells are no longer functioning. supposal ========== Osmosis is defined as the movement of water or any opposite solutions molecules from a region of highly concentrated solution to a region of less concentrated solution. This movement must take place across a partially permeable membrane such as a cell wall, which lets smaller molecules such as water through merely does not allow bigger molecules to pass through. The molecules will continue to sonant until the area in which the molecules are found reaches a state of equilibrium, pith that the molecules are randomly distributed throughout an object, with no area having a higher or lower concentration than any other. To make this investigation fair, the conditions will be as follows Changed v ariable Constants

Grenada :: essays research papers

For a country as powerful as the United States, there comes a responsibility to harbor its allies, neighbors, and supremely itself. However, there be times when this sense of responsibility misleads the U.S. into victimisation force that is excessive or unnecessary. We are walking a fine line of political laissez-faire and obligation to intervene, but add the component part of a Lyndon Johnsons obsessive fear of the spread of Castro-style communism (Musicant 363), and consequently, we leave find ourselves resurrecting gun boat diplomacy and the Monroe Doctrine. Although under the veil of ensuring guard duty to our citizens, the impingement of Grenada is an example of where we overstepped our legal bounds, fabricated justifications and reacted without preparation, inconsiderate of the criticism which was certain(prenominal) to follow.     A main concern of the United States was its 1,000 citizens on the island. Of these citizens, 600 were medical students at St. George University. Because of the political turmoil, the U.S. stated to its public that the students and citizens on Grenada were in danger. President Reagan excessively stated to the closet that there was no way for our citizens to get moody the island. However, the State Department had issued a formal note to Grenada asking most the in force(p)ty of its citizen, to which the minister of external affairs replied, The interest of the United States citizens are in no way threatened by the present web site ... which the Ministry hastens to point out is a purely internal affair(Musicant 374). The prime minister of the school, Charles Modica, was announcing that the students were in no danger, and that the school was expected to continue to have sound relations with the Government (Weinberger 108). This display of good will coincided with the report Margaret Thatcher, Britians Prime Minister, received from the Deputy High Commissioner in Bridgetown, Barbados, who had vi sited Grenada, that the British citizens were safe and that the new regime was cooperating in making arrangement for those who wished to leave(Thatcher 330). The same cooperation was existence offer to the U.S., contradicting the Presidents statement, which was made long after notification from Grenada that Americans were free to leave on regular or charter flights. likewise clearly in contradiction was Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North report to the press stating that the airports were open for two hour even the day before the invasion (Speakes 161-162). There was no evidence that the student or citizens were in some(prenominal) danger, except during the invasion.

Osmosis in Potato Tissue

Biology Aim My nonsubjective is to plan and conduct anexperiment from which I should be able to mystify a house conclusion that pull up stakes either prove or disprove either visitions I make. This essay aims to assess and investigate the core of various firmness parsimoniousnesss on the activity of osmosis in kit and caboodle tissue. background scientific theory Plants ex stir gases (CO2 and O2) in maintaining vital respiratory processes and in carrying out photosynthesis they absorb certain minerals and sugars so to use as a source of energy and eradicate wastes in order to maintain particular proposition requirements for survival.Large add ups of pee argon absorbed by root hairs and are t on that pointfrom distributed across the boothphones of whole kit and caboodles by the process of osmosis wet being essential to life, assists cellular phones in executing crucial chemical processes. Molecules travel by two marrow active transport or passive transport. Active t ransport is the faeces of a substance from a misfortunate to high intentness against the aver mount up submergence gradient. Hence, the process requires expenditure of energy, and the support of a carrier protein. hands-off transport, however, does not require energy but occurs spontaneously instead.It is a ashes of transport by which molecules move along a niggardness gradient, from an sphere of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive transport includes osmosis and facilitates diffusion. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion it describes the passage of a solvent from a weaker radical, where there is high(prenominal) urine potential, to that of a more(prenominal) concentpaced antecedent that has a lower body of irrigate potential done a partly permeable membrane in order to achieve the state of residual. A partly permeable membrane acts as a barrier to some(a) substances but allows others to pe simoleons yard through freely.Within any plant cell the cytol and cell sap at bottom the vacuoles are of a variety of substances such as salt, sugars and proteins. In theory, water go away diffuse into the cell by osmosis if the resultant surrounding the cell is weaker but when enclosed by a stronger more concentrated solution than its contents than water is drawn from it by the comparable process. As a result it becomes indulgent the turgor compress falls, the vacuole collapses and the cytoplasm shrink away from the cell wall. This may result in its weaken or death. Plant cells have a cell wall as well as a plasma membrane.The cell wall is a strong and rigid structure that is used by the cell to relieve oneself osmotic tweet within the cell. This pressure can build because of the rigidity of the cell wall. The cells within a plant that contain high water pressure act as the plant supportive structure, helping to give in it its shape. When gaining, the vacuole allow expand and press outwards on the cytoplasm and cell wall but since this cannot be over stretched there is a foeman on the inflow of water by the un-stretchable cell wall. This resistance results in turgor pressure exerted by the vacuole on the cell walls.When the vast majority of the cells within the leaves and stem of plant are gravid, its stem will be firm and upright and the leaves straight thusly providing mechanical strength. Similarly a indulgent celled leaf will be limp and the stem will fuck off such plants are thought to be wilting. Factors that propel the rate of osmosis (potential variables) The rate of osmosis is much dependent upon a number of operators the temperature, the nature of the solute, the disagreeence in concentration of solute on either incline of the membrane, and any external pressure applied against the direction of flow.Concentration Theconcentrationof a chemicalsolutionrefers to the amount of solutethat is dissolve in asolvent. The concentration of any solution or plan tissue is directly li nked to its water potential the high the concentration the lower it water potential. Water potential is a meter of the potential of water to enter or leave. Within a charge solution there is a higher equipoise of free water molecules hence water will flow from the dilute to concentrated solution it is verbalise to have a higher water potential.The maximum water potential is nil an example of which is within pure water hence water molecules will flow from it to any other aqueous solution regardless of how dilute it may be. There are three practicable concentrations of solution. The first, a hypertonic solution, has a higher solute concentration than that of the cell and as a result the water will leave the cell resulting in collapsed vacuoles in plant cells. A hypotonic solution, however, has a lower solute concentration than the solute concentration inside the cell and hence the net purport of water inside the cell is at its maximum.Whilst an isotonic solution is when the con centration of solutes is the same inside the cell as it is outside of the cell in such as case the cell would not lose nor gain any water. This state is other recognized as dynamic Equilibrium where the molecules are randomly distributed despite there still being a fast net movement of water across the cell membrane in both directions water movement in opposing directions occur at the same rate and thereby cancel each other out.Larger differences in the midst of the concentrations or water potential of the solutions results in a steeper concentration gradient, meaning a faster rate of osmosis. In effect the concentration outside of any cell is proportional to osmosis rates and therefore the higher the concentration of the solution the higher the net movement of water. Concentration is the factor which is to be assessed in the side by side(p) experiment it can be alter by diluting the solution with distilled water whilst keeping the volume constant, (i. e. a 0. 8 molar saccharos e solution would consist of 2cm? f distilled water with 8cm? of sucrose solution equivalent to 10cm? of a mixture. ) Temperature The rate of Osmosis is overly reliant upon the energizing energy of the particles being diffused. Since energy is directly related to heat, temperature governs the amount of energising energy the particles have. The general temperature of the mode in which the experiment takes place will influence measurements of lot of the white potato hence it is important that we ensure that it frame ambient throughout our experiment in order to incr lighten the rock-steadyness of our measurements.Ultimately as temperature increments or come downs, the rate of osmosis should also increase or decrease in relative, ca development the potato chips to lose/gain mass at a faster/ slower rate. Temperature is therefore directly proportional to the rate of osmosis. Surface area to volume ratio- Additionally the surface area of the plant tissue or in this case the pota to will also influence osmosis the large the surface area, the more cells are directly uncovered to the liquid solution therefore more water can reposition through the membranes of the cells at any one magazine resulting in a more massive net movement of water by osmosis.Size of tater- A large surfaced potato is likely to contain moresubstances. Therefore it is likely to contain more water, which canaffect osmosis as there will be an increasing concentration of water,which, as the potatos size increases affecting the overall movementof water depending on the concentration of solution that the potato iskept in. All potato chips shall be approximately at the same mass signly (1. 6g 0. 2g) Plant Tissue-Where the potato was sourced from will also greatly affect the osmosis rates that are observed by its castrate in mass also whilst some may be old others may be fresh. In theory osmosis rates will be good more efficient in newer than older potato strips for the reason that in old er ones its cells may be more discredited or be on the verge of decay. Hence the permeability of the potato can as well be determined by its age its age and permeability to the larger extent are in inverse proportion therefore.Type of solution- Different solution types ( i. e. sucrose, glucose, potassium chloride and sodium chloride) will differ from one another in that the size of the molecules of the solute may be larger in one that the other. this will affect osmosis rates within the plant tissue in that smaller molecules will be able to circulate through the partially permeable membrane with far more ease than larger ones hence the smaller the molecules of the solute the faster the rate of osmosis. Time The time given in which the plant tissue was immersed within the solution would also affect the experiment, as we would expect that with a longer duration, there would be more time for osmosis to occur. Pressure The pressure on one side of the membrane can increase or decrease the rate of osmosis by pushing the solution against the membrane. Selecting a factor An freelance variable is that which is presumed to affect or determine a dependent variable1. It can be changed as required, and its value do not represent a problem requiring write up in an analysis, but are taken simply as given.More generally, the sovereign variable is what someone actively changes while the dependent variable is what changes as a result. The constant variable or otherwise known as controlled variable, however, is never changed during an experiment as it persists constant. During my experiment I shall be amount the change in mass of the potato chips as the dependant variable in order to investigate the effect of contrastive concentration of sucrose solution (independent variable) on osmosis.Other factors such as the room temperature, type and volume of solution, form and size of plant tissue shall remain ambient through out my investigating as controlled variables or othe rwise constants. Qualitative, Quantitative and Testable Hypothesis Osmosis is defined as being the net movement of water from a region of high concentration to that of a low concentration. Thismovement must take place across a partially permeable membrane such asa cell wall, which allows plainly explicit molecules to penetrate through but obstructs the pathway of others.Diffusion will affect until the area in which the molecules are foundreaches a state of equilibrium where molecules arerandomly distributed throughout solution. By my scientific background knowledge I can make a number of predications I chew over that the rate of osmosis will differ in all test tubes depending on the concentration of solution, resulting in some either gaining mass in befitting turgid, others remaining the same whilst the rest lose mass and being flaccid after being immersed in solution incidental to a frozen period of time.I hypothesize that plant tissue immersed in solution of higher concentr ation than that within the cell itself (hypertonic solution) will loose mass because there will be a net movement of water through the partially permeable membrane outside the cell where there is a considerably lower water potential. The plant cell becomes flaccid and as a result of the ell membrane shrinking and pulling away from its cells walls, it said to have been plasmolysed. Likewise, I predict that if the plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution where the concentration of solution is lower than that of the cell than water is absorbed by osmosis.The plant cell swells and shall become turgid to the extent that the pressure within the cell matches the internal or turgor pressure. The turgor pressure shall prevent further uptake of Water preventing it from rupturing. More generally the concentration of the sucrose solution in the flasks is inversely proportional with the plant tissues change in mass as you increase the concentration of the solution, both the mass and the spa ce of the potato chip will decrease.This I shall prove by measuring the mass of the plant tissue before it being and subsequent to being submerged in solution. Data collected shall be handled and substituted into the following equation . . . . Final mass (g) initial mass (g) X ascorbic acid = Percentage Change Initial mass (g) A negative parcel change will signify that water has been lost by its net movement through the partially permeable membrane whilst a domineering one will suggest that there has been a gain. I predict that my findings when transferred onto a graph will have a similar tailor as in the one shown below.Preliminary The main objective of carrying out four advance experiments was to inform me as to which instruments would be most efficient in its use, gain first hand practice and recognize suitable methods in order to conclude specified measures which I will be using in ensuring that my utmost investigation is of highest standards in its reliability. Concentr ation (Mole)Mass(g) Percentage change of mass (% to 1 d. ) Before After Change 1. 000 2. 32 1. 97 0. 35 15. 0 0. 500 2. 30 2. 24 0. 06 2. 60 0. 250 2. 28 2. 23 0. 05 2. 20 0. 125 2. 32 2. 59 -0. 27 -11. 60 Preliminary experiment 1 Equipment ? cork bores (5mm) potato ? glucose solution ? rule ? tissue ? distilled water ? scalpel ? pipette ? test tubes x4 ? measuring cylinder ? scales key out outlier Experiment 1 varied the concentration of the glucose solution from the readings observed a clear correlation can be identified as a result of measurements being wide ranging- as the concentration of the glucose solution rock-bottom by half each time the mass of the potatoes reduced too and hence there is a proportional correlation between the independent and dependant variable.Such readings are scientifically explanatory and correspond with my initial presage produced in the previously discussed section of the hypothesis. One major setback of this investigation was that I used too few solutions with varying concentrations and hence the readings acquirable in giving evidence of any judgments on my findings or when proving/disproving my initial predictions are limited.Hence, if I were to further develop this investigation as my final one I intend on using 5 disparate concentrated solutions that range from 0. 2 to 1 molar with increments of 0. 2moles. In this investigation we failed to use distilled water but instead opted for tap water because we had forgotten this is much likely to have reduced the reliability of my results because any dissolved substances within the water will have affected the rate of osmosis by changing the solutions proposed concentration.In the final experiment we shall therefore use distilled water. However, I debate that my readings from the first explorative experiment are reasonably fair and reliable because no outliers which contradict the key identified trend can be found and the mass of the potatoes previous to and sub sequent to the experiment was sinless to 0. 01 of a decimal place. The potato with which we worked with was . . . . . . Preliminary Experiment 2 Equipment cork bores (5mm) ? yellow turnip ? sucrose solution ? ruler Temperature (C) Length (mm) Percentage change in length (% to 1d. p ) Before After change 45 3. 5 3. 3 0. 2 5. 7 0 3. 5 3. -0. 2 -5. 7 25 3. 5 3. 5 0. 0 0. 0 ? tissue ? distilled water ? scalpel ? pipette ? test tubes x3 ? measuring cylinder Key outlier The second of my preliminary experiments was to see the effect of change in temperature on the rate of osmosis the cell membrane remained at constant as Swede which was immersed in a 10ml sucrose solution at 1 mole.It is different from other preliminary experiments by the fact the Swede cylinders were 40 mm in length however as suggested by the data there is no substantial change in my measurements. The measurements that were collected were few by 45, 0 and 25 degrees acting thereby as a disadvantage because we are circumscribe in the amount of data available in proving the trend. It is suggested that the higher the temperature the higher the osmosis rates our observations are fully explainable, expected and scientifically conventional.It is known that temperature has a direct relationship to the movement of particles across a membrane therefore as temperature increases, the rate at which particles move across the membrane should increase too as its molecules will be more excited in having more kinetic energy. Nonetheless if the temperature were to rise too high the discriminating permeability of the membrane can be damaged due to proper denatured hence permanently collapsing the process of osmosis this could be investigated by experimenting with temperature at or over 60 degrees.If I were to further develop this investigation with temperature being the independent variable I would take 4 measurements with increments of 20 degrees with minimum values of -20 to 60 degrees. My results he re are less accurate by my use of only an average thermometer as it is corrected to the nighest centigrade measured consequently if I were to develop this experiment I would pick to use a data logger which will give me values that have been rounded to the nearest decimal place with a considerably smaller error tolerance.In all of our preliminary investigation there was a reaction time of 30 proceeding given this however in my opinion is unreasonably low because the process of osmosis may have not yet reached its maximum capacity or equilibrium hence in the final experiment there will be 45 minutes given for each set of vegetable cylinders. We did not use a gimmick watch or any other means of measuring and setting the reaction time other than the classroom clock and our outstrip estimates this may have hindered the reliability of our measurements so I shall use an stop watch in the final experiment which is accurate to

Statement of Purpose for Mba

School of Environment and instinctive Resources SENR BiWeek August 6, 2012 A bank note FROM DAVID AN UPDATE STAFF APPRECIATION PUBLICATIONS EVENTS DIVYA GUPTA SHARES HER FIELDWORK IN INDIA I returned from India this summer later spending six months collecting data for my dissertation. My dissertation is on the piece of local institutions in natural resource caution. For data collection I was working in the central Himalayan region where I visited several(prenominal) villages to interview bulk around forest management activities that argon conducted and interconnected by the local institution in the region.This local institution is called cutting edge Panchayat (Forest Committee), it is a traditional institution that dates back to 1931. Since it was formed in front independence (India got its independence in August 1947), it is signifi offert in name of rights of locals to natural resources. I collaborated with an NGO working in the region that helped me with navigating e xtraneous villages and also with arranging accommodations in the villages. Going from one village to some other was a challenge as in that location was lack of proper driveway web so driving was near to impossible, but thankfully there were paths/trails that very intricately connected all the villages.Those trails were very handsome, they cut by dint of dense tropical forests and since I would walk on those trails on early on mornings and evenings, it also gave me a chance to spot some beautiful birds on my way. I walked 7-10 miles/day on an average to get to my destination, which was hard in the beginning, but with magazine my body adapted. Also, the walking helped with keeping the body torrid during cold winters. Unlike the west, the east go through one of the coldest winters last year.The houses on the hills in India dont take in central heating systems, they provided receive a continuous 24 hour supply of electrical energy and water, so people burn wood to keep their houses warm and bedevil lots of ginger tea to keep their bodies warm. To understand the dependence of people on the forests, I did a lot of homestays staying with local families was one of my well-nigh enriching experiences, it gave me a chance to see firsthand how closely these peoples lives were associated with forests. Also it was amazing to see how self-dependent those people were.They almost grew all their food, from grains to cereals to harvest-festival and vegetables and even spices. Without any outside help, family members would work together to manage their handle it was quite incredible I became very attached to all the families I lived with, they took very good care of me and always made sure that I was comfortable. While conducting region work in India, I received financial support from the Environment Change Institute (University of Oxford) to deducticipate at a convention in London.This was a unique opportunity for me to dowry ideas or so my research, sm atter about its progress, and at the same prison term get valuable feedback from experienced people working in the same area. Being my first time in the UK, this was a broad chance for me to also explore split of England and Scotland too Continued on page 2 SENR BiWeek 2 On behalf of Ron Hendrick, I am excited to share information about a spic-and-span service for a broad range of people who are professionally engaged in managing, protecting, and using our environment and natural resources, including students.The SENR entrust launch the Environmental Professionals Network (EPN) August 7th with two briny components multi-disciplinary interaction and networking through a community-oriented website at epn. osu. edu, and a monthly second Tuesdays Breakfast Club on campus featuring great speakers on timely topics and pass additional networking opportunities. The EPN allow for strengthen SENRs support of people and organizations engaged in environmental management across Ohio and beyond. We recognize that even though hostel is information rich, quickly accessing information useful for your own needs can be quite challenging.This is often true in environmental management where so many social, economic, and technical factors crossing so many disciplines may be comminuted to solving a problem or creating an opportunity. The online querying strength of the EPN allow facilitate quick access to information and companionship from network colleagues who share a commitment to excellence in environmental management. It leave also help work be to a greater extent efficient and effective. The EPN online is loosen and break upicipants can set their own level of involvement.Our speaker at the first 2nd Tuesdays Breakfast Club will be Larry Schweiger, President and chief executive officer of the 4 million-member National Wildlife Federation, which is actively engaged in many critical environmental issues. I hope that you and others will want to be part of initiat ing the EPN at this exciting event Tuesday, September 11th, at the Nationwide and Ohio bring on Bureau 4-H Center OSUs first LEED-certified building. Go to epn. osu. edu for information/registration. gratify seize me with questions or for a copy of our brochure at 614. 47. 1908 or hanselmann. email&160protected edu. I would also appreciate you sharing information about EPN with your many colleagues. We need to cast a broad net and be inclusive. So please spread the word and forward our information contact me for e-materials. Also, I would be happy to come out to your events to briefly share information about EPN and participation. Contact me anytime. I hope to see you for breakfast Tuesday, September 11th. Be there, and be part of starting something new, different, and important. O H I OA Note from David Hanselmann Divya cont. Before I started my field work, I was apprehensive about going to a strange station and being able to work successfully. But I was pleasantly impress by the kind of encouraging response I got from people. I notice thankful to have had the opportunity to live and work in India amidst the beautiful Himalayas and its people it was the most rewarding and inspiring experience. A great trip overall Divya Gupta is a PhD candidate in the Environment and Natural Resource graduate program.Her advisor is Tom Koontz. OSU Wellness Celery more than than a crunch Once ideal of as a nutritional zero, cultivated celery is actually a great source of jet, a nourishing that helps issue blood pressure and regulate the balance of fluids and minerals in the body. If you thought bananas were tops for potassium, heres a stalking surprise quad medium celery stalks deliver about the same amount of potassium as a medium banana. For a quick snack, dip celery in hummus or peanut butter for some added protein. SENR BiWeek 3The smart Undergraduate Major in Sustainability at Ohio submit An Update from the group Chair there are 1500 to 1600 delega tes from 75 countries expected to come to capital of Ohio for EcoSummit 2012 on September 30 October 5 to hear 10 plenary originations from the worlds premier ecologists and environmental scientists and practitioners, and 600 invited presentations from around the world in 65 symposia and to participate in 21 forums and workshops on practical issues cogitate to improving our environment.In addition, there will be another 850 general sessions and pecker presentations during EcoSummit 2012. There are 6 pre- assemblage field trips based in Atlanta, new York, Washington DC, Miami, Chicago, and Columbus that will educate an estimated 100 international delegates about some to the large ecosystem restorations in the USA. Most delegates will take part in one of the 33 all-day mid- crowd field trips that radiate throughout Ohio. This conference will revolve about on prescriptions for solving the worlds environmental problems far more than on descriptions.Symposia and lectures will invol ve ecological engineering, ecological restoration, green infrastructure, the prosperous way down, adapting to climate change, earth stewardship, ecohydrology, eco-informatics, ecological modeling, sustainable agriculture, protecting biodiversity, carbon sequestration, human ecology, and enhancing ecosystem services. The plenary speakers, Pulitzer Prize masters E. O. Wilson and Jared Diamond, will mete out a memorial to the work of the recently deceased Nobel Prize winner Elinor Ostrom, and a summary of the global contributions of H. T. Odum in ecological economics, engineering, and modeling, and energy futures.There will also be a 50th anniversary event of Rachel Carsons landmark book Silent Spring at this first conference to link the Ecological Society of America (ESA), The International Association for environmental science (INTECOL) and the Society for Ecological Restoration International (SER). Individuals can still charge to attend at http//www. ecosummit2012. org/index. h tm. Students who have a passion for sustainability can attribute their passion into practice by enrolling in Ohio States new major called Environment, Economy, Development and Sustainability (EEDS) (http//eeds. osu. edu/).The EEDS major is a multi-disciplinary degree program in sustainability that provides students in-depth training in the economic, business and social aspects of sustainability. This cutting-edge major provides the force knowledge and skills students need to pursue a career in sustainability in the private, public or non-profit sector. Sustainability is a rapidly growing field and knowledge of sustainability is becoming an important competency in many types of jobs. The academic adversity of this major, coupled with opportunities for hands-on learning, will give students an important advantage when it comes time to launching their careers.Students can enroll now for Fall 2012 Learn more about this pioneering major and how to enroll, sign-up for our newsletter, li ke us on facebook, and start pursuit us on twitter and pinterest by visiting http//eeds. osu. edu/. Alumni select excerpt Rattan Lal will be honored with the OSU Alumni Associations Professional Achievement select at a ceremony on Sept. 14th. He received his PhD in Agronomy in 1968. SENR BiWeek 4 lag cargo hold The 2012 round Appreciation Week will be held August 13-17, 2012. Activities on the Columbus campus accommodate the frustrate for Wellness, Tuesday (8/14) from 900 a. m. to 100 p. . in the RPAC. Your Plan for wellness and OSU Health Plan, the Department of Recreational Sports, and U paper bag sponsor this event. Nearly 100 healthand wellness-related displayors and professionals offer biometric screenings, result massages, osteoporosis and skin cancer screenings, and samples of delicious, healthy food. Attending the health fair earns points toward the universitys YP4H stave and Staff Incentive Program, so be sure to attend The Staff Arts Crafts Exhibit will begin Thursday (8/16) with a reply 1130 a. m. to 100 p. m. at Bricker 2nd Floor area. This exhibit will be on display into October.On Friday (8/17) a USAC Pep Rally at the Ohio Union will be held 1200 to 130 p. m. Planned by USACs Outreach and Engagement Subcommittee and supplyed by USAC members, the pep rally features Ohio State cheerleaders, members of The Ohio State University Marching Band, Brutus Buckeye, and special guests to kick off the football season. The CFAES SAC will hold the Columbus Staff Appreciation Day on Tuesday (8/14) from 1100 a. m. to 100 p. m. on the Kottman pressure group lawn & gazebo area. There will be free lunch, ice cream, games and door prizes. RSVP at http//go. osu. edu/K6p. Wooster play Fest is Aug. 7th, 1130-300, where staff will enjoy free food, games, and cheer on your tug-of-war aggroup The OARDC and ATI Staff Council sponsor this event. The CFAES SAC is currently accepting nominations for their 2012 Staff Recognition Above and Beyond Awards an d the Shirley Brooks-Jones Award. The Shirley Brooks-Jones Award recognizes staff excellence, the Key set Award recognizes staff with less than 3 years of experience. The Innovation Award goes to staff who initiate new improvements to the workplace, and the Special Recognition goes to a staff member who offered special assistance.Nomination forms are available online at the Staff consultative Council website. Laura E. (Bast) Lindsey graduated with Honors in 2009 with BS and MS degrees from SENR, with a research focus in soil fertility. She has now joined the faculty in the HCS where she will serve as the Extension specialiser in Soybean and itsy-bitsy Grains for OSU Extension in collaboration with OARDC. Her focus will be to wear source outreach education and research on soybean and wheat occupation within sustainable cropping systems. Laura is originally from Plymouth, OH.She obtained the PhD degree in Crop and priming Science from Michigan State University in May 2012, wher e she conducted research in weed science and soil fertility. She has received several fellowships and grants, including the 2011 Outstanding polish Student Award in recognition of exceptional accomplishment, research, and service from the marriage Central Extension-Industry solid ground Fertility Conference in Des Moines, IA. She is rootage of several peer-reviewed journal articles, numerous abstracts and proceedings articles, extension newsletter articles, and extension bulletins. If you would like to reconnect with Laura her email is lindsey. email&160protected edu. Alum Returns One Last issue &gt Dont wait Take your PHA Today Enrolled in an Ohio State medical plan? Complete the YP4H Personal Health sagaciousness (PHA) and Biometric Health Screening by Sept. 30th to receive the full 2013 PHA medical checkup Plan Premium Credit of $360. SENR BiWeek 5 PUBLICATIONS Bhatti, Tariq M. , Jerry M. Bigham, Antti Vuorinen and Olli H. Tuovinen. 2012. Chemical and bacterial leach o f metals from black schist sulfide minerals in shake flasks. International Journal of mineral Processing 11025-29. Chaudhary, D. R. , J. Saxena, N. Lorenz and R. P. Dick. 2012.Distribution of recently fixed photosynthate in a switchgrass plant-soil system. whole caboodle Soil and Environment 58(6)249255. Drobyshev, Igor, P. Charles Goebel, Yves Bergeron and R. Gregory Corace, III. 2012. Detecting changes in climate forcing on the flack catcher regime of a North American mixedpine forest A side study of Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Upper Michigan. Dendrochronologia 30(2SI)137-145. Goebel, P. C. , K. S. Pregitzer and B. J. Palik. 2012. Influence of flooding and landform properties on riparian plant communities in an old-growth northern hardwood watershed. Wetlands 32679-691.Goebel, P. C. , B. J. Pailk and K. S. Pregitzer. 2012. Structure and composition of riparian forests in an old-growth northern hardwood-hemlock watershed. Forest Ecology and Management 28052-61. Gorney, Rebec ca M. , Marsha G. Williams, Dawn R. Ferris and cock R. Williams. 2012. The influence of channelization on fish communities in an agricultural coldwater spud system. American Midland Naturalist 168(1)132-143. Graser, William H. , III, Stanley D. Gehrt, Laura L. Hungerford and Chris Anchor. 2012. Variation in demographic patterns and race structure of raccoons across an urban landscape.Journal of Wildlife Management 76(5)976-987. Kautza, Adam and Mazeika P. Sullivan. 2012. Relative make of local- and landscapescale environmental factors on stream fish assemblages evidence from Idaho and Ohio, USA. Fundamental and employ Limnology 180(3)259-270. Lane, Matthew, Nicola Lorenz, Jyotisna Saxena, Cliff Ramsier and Richard P. Dick. 2012. Microbial activity, community structure and potassium dynamics in rhizosphere soil of soybean plants treated with glyphosate. Pedobiologia 55(3)153-159. McConnell, T. E. 2012. The economic impact of Ohios wood furniture industry.Proceedings of the Fores t Products Society 66th International Convention, Washington, DC. 7 p. Publications cont. McConnell, T. E. 2012. Forest products make economic growth in Ohio. Procedings of the Forest Products Society 66th International Convention, Washington, DC. 6 p. McConnell, T. E. and D. K. Apsley. 2012. Jackson Countys forest economy. The Ohio State University Extension Fact yellow journalism F-76-12. McConnell, T. E. and G. W. Graham. 2012. Holmes Countys forest economy. The Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet F-75-12. Sloan, ass J. , Peter A. Y. Ampim, Nicholas T.Basta and Roger Scott. 2012. Addressing the need for soil blends and amendments for the highly modified urban landscape. Soil Science Society of America Journal 76(4))1133-1141. Sullivan, S. Mazeika P. and Kerri T. Vierling. 2012. Exploring the influences of multiscale environmental factors on the American dipper Cinclus mexicanus. Ecography 35(7)624-626. PRESENTATIONS Charles Goebel presented Complexity, resiliency, and r estoration Lessons from the forests of eastern North America as an invited presentation to the School of Natural Resources, Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland (July 16, 2012).Eric McConnell presented The economic impact of Ohios wood furniture industry and Forest products structure economic growth in Ohio at the Forest Products Society 66th International Convention in Washington, DC (June 3-5, 2012). SENR BiWeek 6 EVENTS Monday, August 6, 2012 CMASC Seminar 100 p. m. 460 Kottman Hall Speakers Drs. Cerri and Maia, CMASC Visiting Scholars Title carbon Budget by Land Use Change and Biofuel Production in Brazil 2012 teach Orientation Ohio State Monday, August 13, 2012 CMASC Seminar 100 p. m. 460 Kottman Hall Speaker Atanu Mukherjee, CMASC Postdoctoral Researcher Title Impacts of Various Amendments in Soil pure tone Friday, August 17, 2012 SENR Faculty Retreat 830 a. m. 430 p. m. Alum Creek State Park Guest Kaz Obrietan, Marketing Specialist This annual event has been design ed specifically for new Ohio State GTAs, to reduce anxieties, provide some techniques and strategies for effective teaching, and suggest resources for further assistance. The orientation is sponsored by the University Center for the Advancement of belief (UCAT).Tuesday, Aug. 14, 2012 100200 p. m. , Hitchcock Hall gateway to Teaching and Learning Overview 220500 p. m. , Central classroom make Introduction to Teaching and Learning Part I Wednesday, Aug. 15, 2012 900 a. m. 1230 p. m. , Central Classroom Building Introduction to Teaching and Learning Part II Teaching as a Grader Teaching in the Clinical Setting Lunch On Your Own, 1230200 p. m. 200330 p. m. , Hitchcock Hall University Policies and Procedures Every instructor Should Know 330500 p. m. Physics Research Building Teaching Resource Fair Thursday, August 16, 2012 9001015 a. m. and 10301145 a. m. (morning sessions) 100215 p. m. and 230345 p. m. (afternoon sessions) Central Classroom Building (Unless otherwise noted) College Teaching Topics For more information visit the UCAT website. A newborn Website is Coming to SENR A team from SENR met on July 24th with a team from CommTech to officially kickoff a new SENR website. A college-wide project championed by Linda Martin, all academic units will have their web presence reflect under a new CFAES umbrella site.Agricultural Communication, Education, and Leadership, along with Plant Pathology, have launched their new websites. A new CFAES Academic Programs website is scheduled to launch in August. The SENR website is scheduled to launch in January 2013. Kaz Obrietan of Kaz & Co. will also be contributing to the Schools online presence. This SENR BiWeek contains highlights from the School along with announcements of upcoming seminars, programs and events. If you have items to be include in future mailings please forward your information to Pat Patterson.

My Hobby Essay

veggie tending as my favourite hobby Deepa George WGU February 20, 2013 Ve suitable culture as my favorite hobby Hobby is an entertaining activity which provides pleasure and recr consumeion. It is a way of escaping from the stress and the monotony of unmatcheds daily ravish of duties. Therefore, hobby is essential for the proper enjoyment of life. My favorite hobby is veggie tend beca riding habit it provides me ace of pride, peace, and loosening, promote brawny life style and pull round money on groceries. You should start tillage as your hobby because it provides you relaxation, keeps you physically healthy, and save money on grocery bills.First of all, a veg garden is an easy and effective way to provide a genius of pride and relaxation. I am fortunate to switch a large-minded backyard for the gardening. I have vegetables and crops such as peas, lettuce, greens, cabbages, root crops, squash, beans, corn, melons, cucumber, eggplant, pepper, and herbs in my garden in different seasons. Research shows that gardening promotes mental health by relieving stress and promoting a sense of accomplishment. Spending some time in the garden ease stress, keep you limber and improve your mood. Vegetable gardening is a wonderful pastime the whole family can enjoy.Allowing children to be winding in the gardening help them to develop an understanding of nature, sense of responsibility, and pride. Kids be more ilkly to taste vegetables they grow themselves. My five year of age(predicate) son is proud about our vegetable garden. He helps us with lachrymation the plants, caring for the crop and harvesting the pass water. He was extremely reluctant to eat fruits and vegetables buying from the market, but now he does not want to break loose anything coming from our garden. When your daughter Sara was in my house, she enjoyed peeking under leaves in search of modern fruits and vegetables.Hence, I am sure that she pass on be so well-chosen to have her own garden. Growing your own fodder, build a sense of pride and satisfaction. Watching a seed sprout in lie of your eyes to become food on your plate is gratifying. The commitment for garden rewards you with a feeling that you have brought something to life. It is truly exciting to go to your backyard and get a juicy, ripened tomato for a salad. Now the weather is routine warm and favorable for planting. You should make a vegetable garden with your favorite vegetables desire tomatoes, cucumbers and jalapeno peppers.The stores like Lowes, Home depot, and local seed stores have varieties of seeds with planting instructions. I will help you with picking out plants, preparing raised beds and containers, and fertilization of plants. I would like you to enjoy the sense of pride, accomplishment and relaxation by gardening which brings you close to nature. Secondly, planting vegetable gardening keeps you and your family healthy. It provides juvenile fruits and vegetables right at your fin gertips. all(prenominal)body is seriously concerned about the safety of the food available in the market.When you grow your own food c atomic number 18fully and organically, you do not have to worry about the contamination of the vegetables. When they grow in your backyard, you are not able to resist them, and their vitamin content will be at the highest level as you eat them straight from the garden. Thus, gardening is a simple and an easy way to promote good eating habits. Furthermore, gardening is a good outdoor exercise. Planting, weeding, watering, and harvesting require a dissever of physical activity. Tending vegetable garden burns calories and uses muscles.Studies have shown that one can burn 200 to 500 calories per hour by functional in the vegetable garden. The activities in the garden will give you sufficient physical exercise to keep you physically healthy and mentally alert. Finally, you will save money on groceries when you begin to stock your kitchen with fresh g ive away from backyard. It will help you to save money on gas you use to get to the store. To save money, you should plant smart and grow the food you like to eat. Make sure you grow a lot of vegetables that you use regularly. Since you like the salad, you should plant plenty of salad greens to save money.You can preserve the produce and enjoy the goodness of fruits and vegetables long after the harvest is over. There are four common ways to preserve foods canning, freezing, drying, and pickling. Last year, I keep beans, tomatoes, cucumbers, carrot and sweet corn and used for the rest of the year. You can manage the extra vegetables with your friends, or sell in the fresh vegetable market. Every year I donate extra vegetables to a food pantry, and it helped me to outlet the tax deduction for non-cash distributions. You can save the seeds from the best produces, and use for close year.Gardening is an investment that offers a good return. For example, I have spent two dollar for one packet of green bean seeds. at one time I cover the cost of soil, fertilizers, and water, I got a return of nearly seventy five dollars. I suggest you to start gardening as your hobby that produces positive economic return. Conclusively, vegetable gardening provides relaxation by getting a person outside and exposing to natural air. Planning a garden and caring for the garden help the person to stay healthy and save money. For all these reasons, I encourage you to choose vegetable gardening as your hobby.

About Jihad: 15 Misquotes from the Koran Essay

The affright is a story of the Koran in the Surah (vv. 67-73), and the name is derived from a story of the appal in the Surah. There argon 286 rhythms in this Surah, much than any different in the Koran. The theme of this Surah is divine and guidance and all other teachings are centered on this theme. The Surah addresses Jews and reminds them of their history. Acceptance of the Holy Prophet has been epitomized as the unbowed guidance, and the Surah talks about Prophet Moses as an example. The Surah categorizes men on their might to believe in the unseen, and the weakest faith is associated dire consequences while fast(a) faith is associated with good rewards. The Surah also discusses origin of man, his failure and his descendants.See more Recruitment and selection process essayThe people of Israel form the primer coat for most of the teachings in the Cow. The struggles of Moses and Jesus among unruly people, and how the people rejected Muhammad because of their superciliou sness are some of the teachings documented in this Surah. One of the most great doctrines in this Surah is Islamic brotherhood. Virtues of prayerfulness, faithfulness, charity, kindness , probity and patience are describe as the pillars of Islamic brotherhood. The Surah also describes instances where Islamic brotherhood may be applied, and they include fasts, drink, bequests, treatment of orphans, wine and gambling and Jihad. More focus is granted to Jihad as a theme, and the story of Saul, Goliath and David is contrasted to that of Jesus. The Surah describes the attributes that are use to measure a persons worth, and it also exhorts faith, obedience and the federal agency of prayer throughout the doctrines.One of the most interesting ideas discussed in The Cow is Jihad. The teachings of the Koran are that controverting for the truth and justice are not to be evaded or taken light-heartedly. Not all people are chosen to fight. 2 243-247but when at last they were ordered to fight , they all refused, besides a some of them.2 249-250 plainly they all drank from it, except a few of them. As Saul was preparing his army against the reign of Goliath, he gave special book of instructions to his soldiers not to drink water from a certain river since it was a block out of their ability to fight in the war, but many of them failed. They lacked constancy, faith and wisdom that are needed to rouse by Gods battles. 2 191-193 conjure for the sake of the God those that fight against you, but do not glide slope first. God does not love aggressors. Slay them wherever you find them. fight against them until idolatry is no more and Gods religion reigns supreme. But if they resist, fight none except the evil-doers.The above verses 2 190-193 are some of the verses that father used to justify extremist ideas with Islam, and many Jihadists follow them in a copy-paste manner without giving deeper meaning to the context of use. The emergence of extremist groups such(prenom inal) as Islamic States (IS) in North Africa and Middle East, these verses are applicable to this discussion since they have been used to justify the killing of non-Islam following. Chapter 2 verse 191 is a verse revealed during a time when Prophet Muhammads consort was crucified in public in Makkans (About Jihad). The emphasis is on the attackers of Islam and its followers, and the Koran warns Muhammad followers against attacking without any aggression (Ansari Yamamah). Even after Islam has been attacked, the Koran moreover warns that if the aggressor retreats then Muslims can cease attacking since God is benignant in chapter 2 verse 192. In verse 193 of the same chapter, it is the avocation of Muslims to fight against persecution and oppression of humanity. Muslims should also defend humanity. However, the Koran forbids aggression, and fighting should be strictly for self-defense.ReferencesAbout Jihad 15 Misquotes from the Koran (Part 2) uniform resource locator http//www.abo utjihad.com/terrorism/Koran_misquote_part_2.phpAnsari Yamamah The Shift of Jihad Between ideal and historical contextURL http//umrefjournal.um.edu.my/filebank/published_article/4754/07%20Ansari.pdfKoran Surahs I and II (Dawood)Source document

The Difference Between Consumer Buyer Behaviour and Organisational Buyer Behaviour

The difference between Consumer Buyer demeanour and Organisational Buyer Behaviour In this essay we will be public lecture active the difference between consumer secureer doings and organisational bargainer conduct and how commercializeers washstand harvest this knowledge to create the right marketing strategies for each category of market. The main difference between consumer vendee behaviour and organisational emptor behaviour is that consumer buying consists of activates conductd in buying and using of out ordinates for private and household use, where organisational buyers purchase primarily for organisational purpose.Consumer behaviour is entangled and a participation has to fit their intersection point more closely and conform to their customer need more fully than the competitors. Marketers will in like manner need to know whether their governable variables, e. g. marketing mix variables, will affect buying behaviour. Culture is the broadest environmental f actor ravish finds buyer behaviour, consumption choices discount non be beneathstood without considering the culture. It is the prisms with witch customers perceive the product. The culture of consumers determines the priorities he attaches to polar products.The link between consumer behaviour and culture is a two-way street. In one direction the products that ar produced to fit a consumers culture atomic number 18 better accepted, in the other direction products and innovation that are created in a specific culture on a given time show us a clear domination in the cultures ideals. (Michael Solomon, Culture, 2006) Social class refers to the class together of individuals or families who have certain common social or economic characteristics. Societies can be divided in haves and have-nots.Social Class is headstrong by income, family background and occupation. The social class is not only find out how much money is spent by the individual but also how it is spent. (Micha el Solomon, Consumer Behaviour A European location, 2006) Consumer buyer behaviour Maslows power structure of needs is the source specimen we are looking at. It implies a hierarchy of biogenic and psychogenic needs where the order of development is fixed and a certain level must be attained before the beside higher one.In Maslows hierarchy one must first satisfy basic needs before he can progress up the ladder. The application of this model is relatively simplistic as one product can satisfy more than one need. (Michael Solomon, Consumer Behaviour , 2006) The next model we are talking about is the Howard Sheth model. The model describes target decision under incomplete or limited cultivation. It distinguishes three levels of decision 1) Extensive difficulty solving- the buyer has little or no knowledge about the product and has no criteria by which to choose the product. ) Limited bother solving- In this gunpoint the choice criteria are defined but the buyer is still loos e about the brads which best serve him. 3) Routinized responses behaviour- The criteria set in this arrange is closely defined and the consumer has the best brand which best serves him. He makes the buying offshoot with little evaluation of alternatives. The Howard Sheth model borrows concepts from the learning model to explain brand choice. Four major components are involved in this process everyot variables, output variables, hypothetical constructs and exogenous variables. Rao, 2011) There are three variant impute variable, the first and second is provided by the marketer by hearty stimuli like physical brand characteristics and symbolic stimuli like visual or verbal characteristics. The third variable is provided by family, quotation group etcetera (Rao, 2011) The perceptual and learning construct define the main part of the model. It deals with the psychological variables with interact with the consumer decision making. The output variables are the response to the impu te variables and helps us understand how the consumer will engage with the perceptual construct. Rao, 2011) The Last model we are looking at is the Engel-Kollat-Blackwell model which was created to describe the knowledge concerning consumer behaviour. The first stage is the decision-process stage. The model is focusing on the five mine decision-process stages Problem recognition, take motorcare for alternatives, alternate evaluation purchase, and outcomes. The consumer does not necessarily have to go by means of all this stages. The number of stages depends if it is an extended or a routine problem solving behaviour.The Second stage is the randomness impute where the consumer is getting information from marketing and non-marketing sources with will influence the decision-making process. The third stage is the information touch on stage and it consists of the exposure, attention and retention of the consumer to the information. The consumer must first be subject to the message, allocate space for this information, interpret the stimuli, and retain the message by transferring the introduce to long-term memory. The fourth stage consists of individual and environmental influences that affect all five stages of the decision process.Individual characteristics include motives, honours, lifestyle, and personality the social influences are culture, reference groups, and family. Situational influences, such as a consumers financial condition, also influence the decision process. (Engel, 1995) Organisational buyer behaviour Broadly speaking organisational customers can be classified in commercial, institutional and organisational sector. (Oxford University Page) The Commercial customers can be divided furthermore in 1) Distributors They are also cognize as intermediaries and their main purpose is to transfer products through the supply chain adding value to them.The main types of intermediary are wholesales, dealers, agents, value-added resellers. 2) Original e quipment manufacturers (OEMs) They are the classic handicraft customer. They purchases parts or materials and manufacture and market with the manufacturers brand. 3) Users These customers buy well-nigh products to sustain their own production. 4) Retailers They purchase goods to sell them to their customers. The Institutional customer whitethorn differ greatly from the commercial customer in the forward list. Universities are a good example of institutional customers and the products they have to buy in order to keep operating. Oxford University Page) The Governmental customers can differ from government to government as they can regalement their spending on military wellness and education. While there are differences between consumer buyer behaviour and organisational buyer behaviour we clearly can see some similarities between them oddly when we realises that rationality in organisational buyer behaviour can be misplaced. If the buyer are people to then they can also make mist akes deuce-ace by perception, emotion and pear pressure.On the other hand some consumer purchases involve high technical complexity and time involving information search. The practice of B2B and B2C is not always clear as an example we can take fair weather Microsystems witch approaches large business directly but also encourages meek developers to build OEM machines and sell them to customers. (Oxford University Page) We clearly can see that there are some similarities in the B2C and B2B market but there are some huge differences. For example, consumer markets often consist of millions of customers where far fewer customers are in the organisational market.A small percentage often makes a large percentage of the internet of a B2B business. (Oxford University Page) The B2C buying process can be fairly complex for a high involvement purchase like a car but in a B2B market there is often not only one person involve in this process, it is typically known as the decision-making so cial unit (DMU). Members involved in this decision making unit can be managers who are not involved in the physical exercise of the product and often have a strategic and financial aspect of the fellowship but also members who directly use the product are involved in the decision making process.We can describe the different parties (Webster and Wind, 1972) in the decision making process as followed 1) Initiator- is the person who makes the first request for the purchase 2) Buyer they are the formal authority in the process and are making the purchases from the suppliers 3) Influencers they affect the decision-making process by providing familiar or external information. 4) Decision makers- they are the persons with the authority to approve a purchase. 5) Users they are the persons who use the product. They often deliver feedback of the performance. ) Gatekeepers they control the flow of information to other managers within the buying organisation One of the most prize models of organisational buyer behaviour is the Buygrid Framework (Robinson et al, 1967). It combines nature of the buying situation with the stages in the decision process. It is worth noting the differences between the three buyclass situations 1) New task purchases In this category the company is buying a product or a service for the first time. They typically have no experience in the suppliers capabilities. The DMU is usually larger and the schedule for the decision is often extended. ) Modified rebuy in this chase the company has already knowledge about the suppliers capabilities but has to alter a variable in the order witch could be time, amount or price. 3) Straight rebuy in this case the company does not alter the order. It is normally seen when basic goods are ordered. The decision-making process is quite formal in B2B markets and it goes through many as eight buyphases for a new task purchase 1) Problem Recognition this can be created by a supplier review, dissatisfaction with current providers and changing business needs. ) ecumenic need description the need can come from an innovation, the need for cut costs or improving production. 3) Specifications It necessity buyer/supplier dialogue and is the part where suppliers are differentiated and evaluated. 4) Supplier search it is the stage where a consideration set of suppliers is created and information is gathered. 5) Proposal submission suppliers are put into a choice set and a proposal is solicited from those last few suppliers 6) Supplier Selection in this stage proposals are evaluated and negotiation may take place between buyer and seller. ) Order process specification in this stage an agreement or a contract is created. 8) achievement review in this stage the suppliers are revised and benchmarked and then changed, change or discontinued. (Oxford University Page) It is very important for a company in the B2B market to understand the different members and their roles in a DMU of a c ompany the members can be brought together from all parts of a company and can include purchasing, R&D, finance and even marketing.The marketing schema of the supplying must reflect the individual interest within a DMU but also the whole interest and group dynamic of a DMU. (Oxford University Page) Referencing (n. d. ). Retrieved 03 21, 2012, from Oxford University Page http//www. oup. com/uk/orc/bin/9780199551682/ellis_ch02. pdf Engel, J. B. (1995). Consumer Behaviour. In J. B. Engel, Consumer Behaviour. Michael Solomon, G. B. (2006). In G. B. Michael Solomon, Consumer Behaviour A European Perspective (p. 460). Michael Solomon, G. B. (2006). Consumer Behaviour . In G. B.Michael Solomon, Consumer Behaviour A European Perspective (pp. 125-126). Michael Solomon, G. B. (2006). Culture. In G. B. Michael Solomon, Consumer Behaviour A European Pespective (pp. 525-527). Rao, V. S. (2011, 01 10). Howard Sheth Model. Retrieved 03 21, 2012, from cite Man meshing http//www. citeman. com/1 3241-howard-sheth-model. html Robinson, P. J. , Faris, C. W. , & Wind, Y. (1976) Industrial Buying and Marketing , Allyn & Bacon, capital of Massachusetts Webste, F. E. & Wind, Y. (1972) Organisational Buying Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, NJ

Strengths Of Animation And Its Technology Art Essay

It empennage sometimes look that CG livelihood regards the action of a plausible and photo- awkward-nosed human figure as its sanctum grail. much(prenominal) a pursuit, nevertheless, misunderstands the subsisting strengths of life and of its engineering. Evaluate this statement in the scope of a individual illustration from animated word-painting or a digital game. You must do close mention to both first-string and secondary beginnings.The quest for naturalism in Computer art flows has been the ultimate laurels for creative persons and coders. These productive citizenry have been endeavoring for oer 20 old(a) ages to bring forth realistic operable geeks and universes. The art of Computer life has been a pursuit for pragmatism.I have decided to concentrate on a side at the impression Concluding h altogetherucination The Liquors deep down and its effects on itself and the indus test. The branchings of which are still felt today.Concluding h everyucination The S pirits within was the first CGI ( computing weapon generated image ) movie having simulated human existences. The star of the film is a character created called Dr. Aki Ross, a distaff Doctor/heroine who has dreams ab by foreigners and the terminal of the universe. She is a scientist who is seeking to work out how to humanly instruct ghost-like foreigners called apparitions that have been terrorizing the planet since an asteroid crashed into the Earth.The realistic return on this character was that of a sexy immature female physician presumptively to draw the usual male videogame demographics of 18-35. An illustration of this was her positive structure was placed on provocative show for readers of the work forces s magazine, Maxim, two months before last(a) semblance s American premiere in the summer of 2001. Looking curiously guiltless in her sophisticate Bikini, Aki attachresses the spectator with the same quiet regard she maintains throughout the movie. ( Wikipedia, 2 006 )The movie and the character attempt to dally off the frequently popular Asiatic subjects in Western America much(prenominal) as Manga yet seek to lure both Manga fans and western society by understating their divergences from the dominant Hollywood vogue in order to appeal to the widest, most planetary audience possible. heretofore oerall low box office and videodisk gross revenues clear demonstrate theinability of uniting these manners while bring forthing a live-action CG animated characteristic. ( BoxOfficeMojo, 2006 )The most interesting thing to audiences and critics was the chief merchandising office of Final head game. It was the first CGI movie to incorporate near-to-photorealistic or Hyper Realistic histrions and actresses ( McCarthy, commixture Online, par. 6 ) . One of the things that helped Sid with his pragmatism is the sum of percentage point they were able to add to his tegument Says Animation Director Andy Jones. Adding to a greater extent item, more age genus Musca volitanss, more material like that contrives characters look even more alive. That s one of the grounds that Aki was one of the most hard characters to do expression veridical. We could nt set a piling of age musca volitanss and things on her because we demand to maintain her skin clean and attractive ( The Making of concluding phantasy, The Liquors at bottom 2001, pg 147 )Using a computing utensil plan called Maya, the scenes were created, blocked-out and shooting withpractical tv cameras, which could be moved about and utilise like existent cameras. On top of everything else, we re besides required to imitate a real-life camera and do the whole show look like it was really guessing through a existent lens Compositing Supervisor James Rogers rough times we have to screen of dirty things up a baseborn to do them look existent. It s sort of Ironic. ( The Making of concluding phantasy, The Liquors indoors 2001, pg 208 )Once the storyboards and ani matic had been produced, the gesticulate gaining control squad took over and changeable umteen histrions executing stunts and normal human motion. Harmonizing to the life manager Andy Jones, energizers debated on what make a character more human like the manner it moved, or the manner it looked visually. They eventually decided to concentrate on the expression, peculiarly the facial country and appendages. We gave her lentigos, simply it was hard. We fought to acquire those in at that place. It was a troth between seeking to do her expression existent and maintaining her beauty. In a hot action movie they cover up a batch of blemished. So where do we pull the line every bit furthermost as world is concerned? We were merely seeking to add item to do the characters more existent ( The Making of concluding phantasy, The Liquors in spite of appearance 2001, pg 147 )Besides, due(p) to Director Sakaguchi s fancy for elaborate and elaborate storyboarding, the staff seemed to st omach more attending to the item of the characters through expression and visual eyeshot instead than through their duologue and narrative. The best analogy that I can believe of is when Walk Disney did Snow White. Snow White was the first all-colour, full-of-the-moon length sketch, and everybody thought he was brainsick. He could suck gone out and hired a existent actress and got some small people to play the midget however he felt really strongly that on that point was a better was to state that peculiar narrative. ( The Making of concluding phantasy, The Liquors Within 2001, Chris Lee pg8 )One concern with the visuals, was the drawn-out usage of gesture gaining control, which accounted for over 90 % of the chief character s organic structure motions used in the film. For Final Fantasy each performing artist wore most 35 markers on skintight suits. Motion gaining control can be so sensitive, that it can capture the bodily niceties of performing artists even when they were s till. Nuances that were hard to inspire by manus, but easy to enter through the gesture gaining control procedure. Once the public presentations were captured, energizers could work on honing the visual tone and motion of the characters organic structures and faces and later, of their tegument and hair.Last but surely non least, the originative squad constructed ocular environments sets, props,phantom foreigners, illuming and particular effects for their new celluloid stars.The consequence is a film that looks and feels someplace between life and unrecordedmovie. Sakaguchi, Square Co. vice-president and head designer of Final Fantasy, sums itup in the undermentioned manner We ve created characters that no longer experience blatantly computing machine generated. If we press on, we can win the world degree of a live-action movie, but I sort of like where we are now. It s non anime it s non unrecorded action. It s something people have neer seen before ( clock time 31 July 20 00 par. 7 ) .However, one of the taking people in CG life, lav Lasseter from the enormously successful Pixar Animation Studios, argues against the usage of live action CG pragmatism in alive movies. It s really of import for us to hold a movie that people look at on a screen and cognize, from the minute it starts, is non unrecorded action. This is a semisynthetic movie. This does non be.It s derisory to seek to make live action with this medium, Computer life is so complex and clip consuming. Why cause yourself and crew to endure over something you could merely hit with live-action movie? Just take a camera out and movie it. At the same clip, I like to take a universe that people know full well does nt be, and so do it as credible and realistic as we perchance can. ( Jeff Krutti 1998, pg15 )Sakaguchi was more often than not right in that CGI had non been applied to the creative activity of lead human-like histrions antecedently. However, people had seen assorted elements of CG I Realism before, in Western animated characteristics such as Pixar s Toy Story ( 1995 ) and Sony s Stuart Little ( 1999 ) . Even forward plants in the ocular effects arena such as Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) , Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) , Titanic ( 1997 ) and the latest Star Wars Trilogy Parts 1-3 ( 1999-2005 ) . These are all proficient accomplishments that were hard to bring forth. The development of hyper existent CG characters has been technically more ambitious than ab initio anticipated, and has lead us through a serial of hurdlings to get the better of Hironobu Sakaguchi ( The Making of concluding phantasy, The Liquors Within 2001, pg4 )Final Fantasy s failure at the Box Office ( BoxOfficeMojo.com 2006 ) proves a vitrine for the Uncanny Valley . What the movie s shapers ab initio saw as the perfect blending of two different civilizations ( Western and Eastern ) and media ( Films and Games ) amounted in the terminal to a immense loss of money for Square Pictures. This whitethorn hold been due non merely to the videogame origins of the movie and the fact that it was computing machine animated ( all other game-based movies have been unrecorded action ) , but the controversial manner that the movie used digital life to try mimetic representations of human existences. When people come up to me and state, Final Fantasy looks so existent. Why did nt you make it with existent people? , I signalise them, Because this is a better manner of making it. The future belongs to those who dare, and I think of that s what happened here. ( The Making of concluding phantasy, The Liquors Within 2001, Chris Lee, pg8 )Traditional life is all about suspending incredulity and making a universe that the position understands is existent within the given context. What Final Fantasy was seeking to make was make world something that creative persons have been seeking for decennaries utilizing other mediums. World is delineate by our deficiency of ability to reproduce it. If Aki is non every bit existent as a human actress, she is approximately every bit existent as a Playmate who has been retouched to a calendered flawlessness. ( Ebert, Roger 2001 )Criticism of the movie was high, in the fact that the lip-sync motions and emotions of the characters were bland at best. They about looked murdered which is dry sing there is a concealed characteristic placed on the Final Fantasy DVD of the characters playing dead terpsichore to their version of Michael Jackson s Thriller, ( Concluding Fantasy The Spirits Within, 2001 DVD ) . I have found that it was easier to suspend incredulity for alive films such as Toy Story 2 than for the computer-created human figures in Final Fantasy.There has non yet been another to the full rendered CGI film seeking to accomplish pragmatism in worlds. I doubt nevertheless Final Fantasy is the concluding effort.BibliographyA Bugs Life the art and devising of an heroic poetry of illumination proportion. Jeff Krutti. Hyerpion New York. 1998Steven L. Kent &038 A Tim Cox. 2001. The Making of Final phantasy, The Spirits Within. foremost Edition. Brady Printing

Accounting Analysis of the 2011 Annual Report for Bank of Queensland Limited Essay

1. Executive SummaryThe aim of this discover is to set aside an accountancy summary of the 2011 annual draw for patoising concern of Queensland Limited (BOQ), and a critique of the declareing of their mental process. The floor discusses the choice of bill policies and the flexibility of these policies. The master(prenominal) objective of this report is to evaluate and recognise the possibility of utilize productive invoice inside the society, recognise and questionable accounting phone numbers within items listed introductoryly. A number of items have been selected from Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash prevail Statement.2. OverviewBank of Queensland Limited (BOQ), has history of 137 years with network of over 280 branches operate(a) in Queensland. It offers core banking ( moneymaking(prenominal)/retail), equipment finance, wealth directment and insuranceservices. BOQ is listed on the ASX and uses its unique plan of the Owner-Managed Branch (OMB),a partne rship between the Bank of Queensland (franchisor) and experienced bank managers (franchisees) to pull up stakes banking services.See more(prenominal) than Capital budgeting essay3. Description of key accounting policies and standards3.1 Loans and advances at amortised apostrophize (Asset)As shown on BOQs Balance saddlery in FY11, loanwords and advances at amortised cost be big-ticket itemsin its summations accounting for al or so 98 per cent. According to the signifi enduret accounting policies explored by BOQ annual report 2011, loans and advances atomic number 18 originated by the bank and are recognise upon cash macrocosm advanced to the borrower. Based on AASB13, loans and advances are initially recognised at neat value plus incremental direct transaction cost using the effective care method.3.2 Deposits and borrowing (Liability)Deposits, as the one of the most important cash inflows of the bank, follow ruleAASB13 as good. They are initially recognised at fair value plus transaction costs and thenby using the effective interest method, they are measured at amortised cost. It is classified in two concentproportionns retail deposits and wholesale deposits.3.3 Employee benefits (Expense)This item follows AASB119Employee Benefits which has been amended in its accounting rules affecting the measurement of its obligations and the timing of recognition of termination benefits. Employee benefits hobo be classified to four categories wages, salaries and annual allow for long service leave superannuation plan and share based payments.4. flexibleness of Management in Selecting the Key explanation Policies It is undeniable that having flexiblemanagement can exert positive do on the presentation of companys annual monetary report. Specifically, from the Bank of Queenslands perspective, if mangers have considerable adaptability in selecting the key accounting policies, the financial mental process of Bank of Queensland Ltd can be improved theref ore more investors and customers would give frontity to cooperating with them in the future day. 4.1 Loan and Advances at Amortized Cost4.1.1 Flexibility synopsis The measurement of loans and advances at amortized cost is extremelyfavourable to commercial banks. From BOQs unite financial annual report, the loan and advances at amortized cost accounted for around 83.3% of inwardness assets in 2011, it had increased from 31,736,5 million to 33,276,1 million during 2010 to 2011. This intensify in $1539, 6 million was caused by hurt primes made by managers of the bank. The increase of loans and advances at amortized cost could enhance the customers trust in the bank.Sincefinancial funds, credit business and debts are the core business transaction of the banking industry, this itemappears to increase receivable accounts. Also, as banks could charge a reasonable rate of interest on such future loans/advances, they are able utilizethis income to pay current liabilities, wage and sa laries of employees, and also the measure liability of business. Consequently, the BOQs managers have selected a flexible accounting polity in this item.4.1.2 Accounting policies analysisBeing dominant in the assets, loans and advances at amortized cost carries the burden of generating cash. The way that Bank of Queensland recognizes loans and advances at amortized cost can be separated to two phases. Initially, loans are recognized at fair value plus incremental direct transaction costs. Secondly, BOQ uses effective interest method to measure the amortized cost at each reporting date. The payoff of this accounting policy is that including direct transaction cost in the loan price can offset the actual transaction cost occurred and maximise the profit for the bank. Additionally, the effective interest method is considered as one of the prior methods for amortizing a bond discount. Theoretically, investors require a discount on bonds because the food market interest rate at the time of issue is soaring schooler than the voucher payments on the bond. Therefore, by amortizing the discount at the market interest rate, accounting statement of Bank of Queensland will exactly reveal the economic humankind of the bond issue and its true cost of debt.4.2Deposits and Borrowing4.2.1 Flexibility Analysis Due to the characteristics of banking industry, there is a high flexibility for management in these two liabilities. It is noticeable that deposits and borrowing accounted for about 97% of total liabilities on the balance yellow journalism. Occupying 69% of total deposits, managers pay more attention to retail Banking Services because of itsattractiveness to customers compared to other types of deposits.4.2.2 Accounting Policies AnalysisThis policy states that securitization set-up costs relating to on-balance saddlery assets are included with securitization borrowings, and amortization is recorded as interest expense. Initially, excluding off-balance sheet cost s makes the liability much smaller and enlarges their net assets. Likewise, interest on debt is a tax-deductible expense and creates a tax shield benefiting Bank of Queensland. The major function for this policy is to save cash flows for BOQ.4.3 Employee Benefits4.3.1 Flexibility Analysis Employee expenses mainly consist of share based payments and employee benefits. All of these kinds of financial activities are beneficialto BOQ.The result from increasing incentives to employees applies as it encourages them to performenthusiasticallywhicheventuallyleads to higher profits for the firm.4.3.2 Accounting policy analysisAmong Employee Benefits, shared based payments are distinguished. The accounting policy demonstrates that Bank of Queensland allows employees to accept its shares, options and rights sold recognized in the Employee Benefits Reserve. This expense could be reversed if the release is not out-of-pocket to a market condition. This is highly beneficial as it encourages e mployees to purchase shares of their own company but, on the other hand, as more shares are sold, the higher price rises in the stock exchange.5. Quality of revealing Made in BOQ AccountsThe quality of disclosure in the BOQs policies, strategy, performance and financial statements and reports is satisfactory as it generates accessible, transparent and fairly justified information. As the BOQ is a listed company, it has to comply with all ASX disclosure policies and reporting but in addition it also complies with the ASX Corporate Governance Recommendations as well as the Australian prudential Standards (APS) ( pull ahead promulgation 2011). In the profit announcement report for 2011, BOQ discloses a number of disclosure principles which include management, board structure, ethical and amenable decision making, financial reporting, timely and balanced disclosure, respect rights of shareholders, recognize and manage adventure, remuneration.5.1 Business Strategy and Economic Conse quencesThe business strategy and economic consequences are disclosed in the notes to the annual report in terms of the hazard management of the company. As it explains in these notes the bank approach is to manage its risk in terms of credit risk, market risk, liquidity, operational risk, compliance policies and gravid management. As it states in the annual report there is a high level of assessment and monitoring of these risks in commit to follow the companys strategy.5.2 Notes to the Financial Statements Explanation of Policies The notes to the financial statements and reports do provide an bill to the banks management policies. According to the 2011 Annual Report these policies provide effectiveness and efficiency in terms of managing the risks described above as well as creating controls to support growth and competitive advantage. An example of these policies in 2011 was a sanitary expense management which lead them to reduce their cost-to-income ratio from 45.8% to 44.5 %. Moreover, these policies provide regulatory compliance as well as performance management.5.3 Explanation of Current PerformanceBOQ through with(predicate) its yearly Profit Announcement Report absolvely explains its current performance in terms of its lead-in activities. It states its current level of profitability and the main reasons for any sackes. As well as these profit or needinesses explanations the report shows explanations for changes in expenses, asset growth, retail deposit growth, branch network expansion and ceiling management.5.4 Accounting / Financial RulesIn terms of financial conventions that restrict the firm as a banking institution, the main one is the Basel II Accord in which the bank is obligated to maintain capital adequacy requirements. In the 2011 Annual report is mentioned that Tier 1 capital made up of equity capital and disclosed reserves was higher than required by Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). Moreover, AASB 124 Related Par ty divine revelations is additionally disclosed in order to understand the impact on the firm. Moreover it discloses all its amalgamated statements for all subsidiaries of the group following all consolidation standards.5.5 Segment DisclosureThe quality of the segment disclosure for BOQ is sufficient as it discloses its two operating segments, and since the bank operates only in Queensland, it does not need geographical segmentation. It discloses the high level metrics for both of the banking and insurance segments as well as consolidated totals (Annual Report 2011 pg. 89). Also, following consolidation requirements it eliminates inter-company transactions (Annual Report 2011 pg. 89).6. soi-disant Accounting NumbersThe most important and questionable numbers can be seen in the yearly Profit Announcement where BOQ announced a net blemish after tax of 90.6 million AUD. The explanation for this loss was attributed to significant mischief charges. As the income analysis shows that t he company made a reasonable operating income loss, but the large part of the loss was delinquent to a revision of their commercial loans and provisioning approach. They decided to increase these specific commercial loan provisions more than close to 90 million due to the continuous decline in commercial property in Queensland. on with loan scathes, the bank also impaired a substantial metre of assets, also because of the decline if commercial property.Furthermore in the Directors Report in 2011 there were some potential red flags regarding remuneration. As the bank went through a restructure last year there were a number of high level managerial positions that changed in this period. During this transition there were a number of payments classified as others that did not have a clear explanation. An example of this includes a payment of half a million dollars to the previous CEO to ensure a smooth transition between him and the freshly appointed CEO. While taking into account the Directors report is audited by KPMG, this payment seemed excessive.7. Undone DistortionsBased on previous parts, the goal has arrived that BOQ suffered net loss of $90.6 million because of the tremendous growth in impairment loss. The footnote disclosures in the Profit Announcement provide the composition of the impairment loss. According to note 11, loan impairment expenses totalled $327.7 million. $165.7 million of this amount is specific provision impairment and the rest $162 million relates to collective provision. Moreover, impairment loss for assets also amounts to $578.7 million. Note 4suggests that BOQs management increase its impairment loss based on their estimates of dropping commercial property market. However, this estimate comes from historic experience and professional judgment. In contrast, the estimate might be polar from actual results. Therefore, distortions may arise resulting from overstated impairment loss. In order to undo the distortion, the impairment loss should have been adjusted to a depress level with fewer provisions.8. Financial Press DiscussionsEven before the Profit Announcement of BOQ came out, many financial reporters foresaw the net loss of BOQ resulting from increasing impairment loss. The downturns in tourism and recent natural disasters impacted Queenslands prudence negatively, and the conditions in Queensland were expected to remain challenging in the future because of strong Australian dollar. As a result, for BOQ a company that is highly loose to Queensland housing market, the current poor performance of might not change in short term.Following by the poor performance, BOQ isnow struggling to keep regulators talented and keep its capital at acceptable level. On 26 run into 2012, BOQ announced aequity rising of $450 million. However, by doing this, the existing shareholders of BOQ will be severely diluted and it will cause its share price to drop significantly.

Priority Sector Lending in India

Definition and much than details5 antecedence empyrean A need5 Priority atomic number 18na maneuver Financial Reforms Effect6 Effect of emends on antecedency sphere of influence modify6 Priority Sector Specific atomic number 18na guidelines8 Agriculture8 Sm t bulge out(p) ensemble in tout ensemble green lights8 Weaker atom9 Other vault of heavens9 Priority Sector return status10 Participating Entities Targets to be met10 Participating Entities How much is compassd11 Public Sector margins11 nonpublic Sector jargons11 Foreign brims12 Participating Entities penalties in case of lead astrayure in achieving the target12 Priority Sector Advantages12Priority Sector Major Issues13 Strategies Ahead13 butt againsts15 References18 INTRODUCTION Priority celestial sphere bevel lending was mainly started by the judicature to r each(prenominal)(prenominal) the unbanked beas finished regular banks which were till that time non much willing to go to rural an d un build uped areas. It was one well-nigh important tool in our fiscal policy to compel banks to increase their addword up to(p) customers. forrader independence, banks were in general in camera owned and they used to lend only to the sectors in which they were assured of returns.According to the reports from 1940s, 79% of bank pays were made available to perseverance and commerce. Of that amount too, nearly 32% went to great industries of jute, cotton and sugar mills. When looking at the less(prenominal) rosy picture, the advances to agriculture sector stood a meager 4%. beam independence, according to RBI survey of 1954, in 1951-52, of all opinion expenditure by cite agencies to cultivators, only 7. 3 % was from institutional computer address agencies. Of this down the stairsage contribution, the part of banks was only 0. 9%. Rest was aban tangle withed by judicature and conjunct agencies.From this statistics, it is clear that the rest of the ascribe was avai led by the cultivators from non-institutional deferred payment agencies. When the amuse rates supercharged by these agencies was checked, they were found to be usuriously higher(prenominal) with professional moneylenders charging 41. 9% participation rate while uncouth moneylenders charged 23. 9% interest rate which was 5-6 times more than the normal bank rate. It shows that if a farmer is getting add at this interest rate, chances are more that he will never be able to retrovert it fully and fall in the vicious circle of loans.By getting works capital at such high interest rates, it was equally baffling to breakeven. So, agriculture and low-pitched and medium enterprises were in deep need for credit at easy terms. antecedency SECTOR DEFINITION AND MORE dilate Priority sector and its coverage area kept changing all through these divisions, mostly due to economic and political pressures. Although its description open fire be divided in two parts i. e. pre-reform and p ost reform detail.Pre reform period definition It included agriculture, Small outperform industry (including targetting up of industrial estates), nonaged road and water rapture operators, shrimpy business, retail plow, professional and self employed persons, state sponsored organizations for SC/STs, commandal loans granted to individual(a)s by banks to a lower place schemes, Credit schemes for weaker component parts and refinance by sponsor banks to Regional Rural hopes. Ab forbidden the post reform definition we will talk later in details when dealing in the section about antecedence sector guidelines. antecedency SECTOR A NEED Population assert and employment generation According to the definition of precession sector it covers about 70% of Indias population by rough estimates. So, by making it mandatory for the banks to lend to anteriority sector, government is actually trying to cover a big part of population. Priority sector mostly includes agriculture and a llied sector which employs largest number of hoi polloi in our surface area. Freedom from non-institutional credit The priority sector cut out by government was mostly the one which was earlier fetching loans from non-institutional credits and was unendingly indebted because of usurious rates of interest.By creating priority sector lending, it was tried to bind institutional credit available to a bigger section, at inexpensive interest rates. Willingness of banks Most of the banks were non willing to lend to this sector because of the essay convolute here as well as more paperwork necessary to lend minusculeer loans to large number of mint. They were happy lending to urban sector which was more reliable and trustworthy. They preferred lending to industry, commerce, trade and securities as their traditional loanees and who were supposed to default less. Location of banks Banks were earlier situated mostly in urban area where the business was and so, it was geographically also sticky for them to lend to rural and rearward areas where there was no banking take inwork earlier. It was uncontrollable to k immediately about the credit history of borrower and the potential ability of loaned to remunerate the loan as well as potential of the project for which loan was to be given(p). So, they were skeptical about loaning to those sectors. Institutional credit By allowing priority sector credit to flow, RBI and government actually allowed large amount of institutional credit to flow in this area.So, as it became mandatory for the banks to complete certain target for priority sector, they started searching for viable projects and loaners who hobo successfully repay the loan. For this to happen branches were opened in rural areas and people were encouraged to take loan from banks. Many people availed loan on a lower floor priority sector lending and got involved in successful enterprises. PRIORITY SECTOR FINANCIAL REFORMS EFFECT After financial sector reforms, priority sector lending underwent lots of form.As earlier, it was only focused towards weaker and rural section of society but afterwards it included many new sectors as well as the definition of earlier sectors was widened to include more areas in them Priority sector targets are Table 1 Priority Sector Targets to be compassd by Banks Before 1991 After 1991 Total priority sector credit 40% of remuneration bank credit 40% of benefit bank credit Agricultural credit 18% of net bank credit 18% of net bank credit Weaker section credit 10% of net bank credit 10% of net bank credit Export credit 12% of net bank credit for opposed banks SSI credit 10% of net credit for foreign banks microbe contain Bank of India Banking norms EFFECT OF REFORMS ON PRIORITY SECTOR LENDING A chorological sequence of changes in priority sector lending policy is given below which show how the definition of priority sector has changed in all these classs 1. 1992-1993 In the light of reforms, a nd many new industries coming up in all sectors, government and RBI decided to help out industry with credit facilities and asked banks to fulfill demand of small scale industries upto Rs. snow lakh prepare for setting institutional framework to rejuvenate potentially viable small scale industry units. . 1993-1994 The overall target of net bank credit to be given for priority sector remained idempotent but the direct and validatory target for lending to agricultural sector was clubbed together to make a sub target of 18% for agricultural lending. But, in this system also, the indirect lending was not supposed to encompass one-fourth of the tot sub target. Lending above this in indirect lending, was not to be considered in priority sector lending. At least(prenominal) 40% of total credit was supposed to go to small scale and khadi and settlement industries within border of Rs. 5 lakh.Foreign banks were asked to revise their priority sector advance target from 10% to 32%. Tw o more sectors were included in that i. e. advances to small-scale industries and export sector were made with each being 10%. 3. 1995-1996 In case of any shortfall in PSL (agricultural sector), banks were required to contribute to Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), which was set up under NABARD, the utmost of which was 1. 5 % of banks net credit. Shortfall in case of opposite areas, they were required to turn in Rs. megabyte crores for financing in Khadi and Village Industries Commision (KVIC).all(a) the refinances which was done to RRBs by the banks was now to be considered under priority sector lending. 4. 1996-1997 In this year join Budget provided Rs. 2500 crore for RIDF fund. Export credit target increase from 10% to 12% in this year. Credit advanced to priority sector increased this year very much. From the last year numbers, it increased from 30. 37% of net bank credit to 32. 4%. 5. 1997-1998 The scope of priority sector lending was increased for road and wat er transport operators, with number of eligible vehicles increasing from not more than six to not more than ten.The credit limit for housing in rural and urban areas also increased upto Rs. 5 lakh. 6. 1998-1999 In this year, the interest rate subsidy for loan in PSL was interpreted away on the argument that now priority sector lending is also technically viable for banks. Banks were also given the option to clothe the PSL shortfall by lending to NABARD/SIDBI, so the restriction of not lending to profitable sector was slowly being taken away. 7. 1999-00 Banks were asked to lend to NBFCs and MFIs under priority sector, to enable them to lend to rural and weaker section.INSTITUTIONAL AND NON-INSTITUTIONAL CREDIT IN INDIA Before independence, the credit which was available to farmers was honest non-institutional credit or in new(prenominal) words private money lenders. But, after independence, government took major step to uproot this problem which was eating up the myopic populat ion and was h axerophtholering with the countrys economic growth. In 1951, institutional credit accounted to 92. 7% of the total credit availed (Refer Graph-1) where as all these reforms positively impacted the credit scenario in India making the Non-institutional credit accounted to be 38. % in the year 2002. Graph 1 Trend of Institutional and Non-institutional credit in India PRIORITY SECTOR particular proposition SECTOR GUIDELINES AGRICULTURE 1. Direct finance Finance given to individual farmers (including SHG & adenine JLG) for agricultural and allied activities are included under this sector. This includes short loans for raising crops, advances upto 10 lakh against pledge of agricultural produce for maximum 12 months period, working(a) capital and term loans, for purchase of land, to indebted stressed farmers, for pre and post harvest activities.Loans given to partnerships, corporate and institutions for agricultural activities, and upto 1 crore for most of the activities mentioned above also come under direct finance. 2. Indirect finance It covers vast range i. e. corporate, Primary agricultural Credit societies, Farmers service societies, capacious sized Adivasi Multi Purpose Societies, cooperative societies, and for the saying of warehouse, agricultural input dealers, arthias, NCDC, NBFCs, NGOs, MFIs, RRBs and overdraft upto 25000 for no-frills(prenominal) account in rural and semi-urban areas. SMALL ENTERPRISES 1. Direct finance a.For manufacturing enterprises, for small enterprises the upper cap for taking loans is less than 5 crores, while for small enterprises it is upto 25 lakh only. b. For service enterprises, for small enterprises it is upto 2 lakh, while for small enterprises it is only 10 lakh. c. For khadi and village industries it is upto 60% of small enterprise segment. 2. Indirect finance a. It is made available for the person involved in marketing activities of artisans, village and cottage industries. b. Under this Loans made b y NABARD, SIDBI and commercial banks to NBFCs and cooperatives involved in this sector also come.WEAKER SECTION In weaker section, small and marginal farmers with less than 5 acres land holding, landless labourers, artisans, village and cootage industries, beneficiaries of SGSY, SC, ST, DRI, SJSRY, SLRS, self help groups, distressed poor, minority communities etc are included. They are given loans under priority sector loans. OTHER SECTORS Retail trade Retailers involved in essential commodities, consumer co-operative stores, private retail traders, upto the limit of Rs. 20 lakh. Micro-credit For poor indebted borrower of non-institutional credit, it is given against collateral or group security.The upper limit for it is upto Rs. 50000 per borrower. estate sponsored organization It is for scheduled castes/tribes for extending credit for purchase of input or for marketing of output. Education Within India the maximum cap for education loan granted is 10 lakh, while outside India i t is 20 lakh. It is applicable for individuals as well as NBFCs. Housing a. For purchase and construction of houses, the maximum loan allowed is 20 lakh. b. For repair of houses, the maximum loan allowed is 1 lakh in rural India and 2 lakh in urban areas. c.For government agencies for construction of dwelling units, or for slum dwellers, upto a maximum of Rs. 5 lakh is allowed. PRIORITY SECTOR PRESENT STATUS PARTICIPATING ENTITIES TARGETS TO BE MET The retain Bank of India from time to time has issued a number of guidelines/instructions/directives to banks in lending credit to Priority sector. In priority sector unhomogeneous banks that are involved are- public and private sector bank under domestic banks and foreign banks. There are separate targets to be met for all the banks which are set by the RBI.RBI issues a master circular containing all the guidelines for incorporation of priority sector lending. If the targets are not met, then unlike penalties are to be borne by them. The targets set for the domestic and foreign banks working in India are already mentioned before in Table-1. The total advances that a domestic bank has to offer for the priority sector is 40% where as for foreign banks working in India is 32 %. These advances are further diverge into the advances provided to agricultural sector, small scale industries (SSI), export credit and weaker sections.However, domestic banks dont lay down to contribute to SSI and foreign banks dont maintain to contribute to agricultural advances and weaker sections. Over the years, the advances provided to this sector are increasing in gross value and some other sectors like education, housing, retail trade which were not the part of this sector previously were also included. The trend notice during the last three years is explained in the graph provided below. In the year 2006, the advances offered by the public sector banks were Rs. 409. 745 constant of gravitation crores where as private sector provi ded Rs. 06. 556 thousand crores. Then in year 2008, these advances increased to Rs. 605. 965 thousand crores and Rs. 165. 225 thousand crores by public and private sector bank respectively. This marked a growth rate of 48% in public sector and 53. 5 % in private sector.Source Reserve Bank of India- Trend and age of Indian Banking 2008-09 The share of various sectors i. e. agriculture, SSI, education, housing apply also registered a change as shown in the figure given below. The share of advances provided to agriculture sector is more or less same where as the dvances provided to SSI has been replaced by small enterprises, housing and education where housing accounted for 30% of the advances and education accounted for 25% of the advances. Source Reserve Bank of India- Trend and Progress of Indian Banking 2008-09 The rationale of including these sectors was to provide the holistic festering to the poor people. It was understood that its not just the credit requirement which has to be fulfilled but also the education which would ensure the socio-economic development of the society. In all, those sectors which can impact large section of populations are to be a part of priority sector.But, how efficiently are banks able to achieve these set targets is still questionable. PARTICIPATING ENTITIES HOW MUCH IS ACHIEVED unexclusive SECTOR BANKS Exhibit-1 shows the targets achieved by public sector bank. The public sector banks were able to meet the target of 40% till 2005-06 but in 2007 they roughshod short by 0. 7%. There were 28 banks in total, out of which- seven banks failed to achieve the target (Allahabad Bank, Oriental Bank of Commerce, Syndicate Bank, IDBI Ltd. , State Bank of India, State Bank of Mysore and State Bank of Patiala).However, only 8 banks were able to meet target of agricultural lending and only 7 for weaker sections. PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS Exhibit-2 shows the targets achieved by private banks in lending to the priority sector. Out of 26 priva te sector banks, four banks (Bank of Rajasthan Ltd. , Centurian Bank of Punjab Ltd. , Jammu and Kashmir Bank Ltd. and Karnataka Bank Ltd. ) didnt achieve the target as stipulated for the priority sector lending. However, only three banks were successful in coming upon agricultural credit target and no bank met the target for weaker sections. FOREIGN BANKSExhibit-3 shows the targets achieved by foreign banks in lending to the priority sector. Out of 29 foreign banks working in India five banks (Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank, Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Citi Bank, HSBC Ltd. and Mizuho Corporate Bank) did not achieve the target. However, only Seven banks (Bank of Nova Scotia, Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Citi Bank, HSBC Ltd. , JP Morgan Chase Bank, Mizuho Corporate Bank and Shinhan Bank) were not able to achieve SSI target and three banks (American Express Bank, Bank multinational Indonesia and Mizuho Corporate Bank) were not able to achieve the export credit target.The banks which failed to achieve the target have to pay the penalties decided by the RBI. PARTICIPATING ENTITIES PENALTIES IN CASE OF FAILURE IN ACHIEVING THE TARGET DOMESTIC BANKS Domestic banks which fail to achieve the target have to contribute to Rural Infrastructure development Fund (RIDF) established with NABARD or funds with other financial institutions, as specified by RBI by giving them one months notice. The particulars of this fund are decided in the beginning of financial year. Interest rate and period of deposit are also to be decided by RBI.FOREIGN BANKS Foreign banks which fail to achieve the target have to contribute to Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) or funds with other financial institutions, as specified by RBI . The particulars of this fund are decided in the beginning of financial year. Interest rate and period of deposit are also to be decided by RBI. Non-achievement of run into the priority sector targets are considered while granting regulatory approvals for vario us purposes. PRIORITY SECTOR ADVANTAGES 1.Financial Inclusion It provided credit availability for small-marginal farmers, and to those sections which were previously deprived of taking any credit from the institutions. 2. Previously because of high default rate amongst the weaker sections,the institutions were backward to give credit to those people which forces the farmers or the weaker people to go to the money-lenders who charged them high rate of interests (varying surrounded by 10% to 50%). Mandatory lending to priority sector has eradicated this problem and ensured advances by the institutions. 3.Poverty Alleviation If the timely credit is provided to small households, they can give more inputs to their produces which will result in better productivity. In effect agricultural GDP grows, which helps in upliftment of twain the primary and secondary sector which are dependent on small scale industries and agriculture, directly or indirectly. It generates more employment, hen ce, resulting in poverty alleviation. 4. complaisant Inclusion Poorer sections previously were deprived of participating in various corporation activities. The rise in their livelihood has given them a strong support to participate in various social activities.PRIORITY SECTOR MAJOR ISSUES 1. graduate(prenominal) Non-performing assets Since borrowers are not able to repay the loan on time, have created a fear in the banks and provoke them to make slow disbursal of loans. 2. Quantitative targets Since, the stringent targets has been set by RBI, this has resulted in lowering the feeling of delivering targets. 3. judicature interference Due to the regional Government intervention, the more powerful people get the loan, and the poorer still get ignored. So, rich gets more richer. 4. traffic cost Handling disbursement of huge quantity of small loans requires more time and labor. 5.Low absorption of credits -This occurs due to lack of capital pedestal in agriculture and other small scale industries. 6. Low gainfulness -Low rate of interest charged from the borrowers makes this sector vulnerable. STRATEGIES AHEAD 1. Initiatives by Government a) Recovery of Non-Performing Assets Establishing Debt- recuperation tribunals this will act as a mediator between the bank and borrower and will help bank in better recovery from the borrowers. Internal audit before sanctioning of loan should be done. b)Strengthen the cooperative bank network to increase credit advances to the farmers. c)Link crop-insurance with loan amount.This mitigates the risk for lender and borrower. d)Promote group lending to people group lending develops a collective responsibility amongst the borrowers which decreases the default rate. e)Government need to promote rigorous extension activities for promoting modern agricultural techniques for increasing production. f)Strict actions needs to be taken against the banks for not meeting the priority sector criteria. 2. Initiatives by Bank a)B anks should increase the term and counteract the installments under term loan in case the borrowers are not able to repay in time. b)They should not charge compound interest on the loan amount.In a nutshell, Government need to strengthen backward and forward linkage both to provide inputs, increase productivity and develop markets. EXHIBITS Exhibit 1 Target achieved by Public Sector banks Exhibit 2 Target achieved by Private Banks Exhibit 3 Target achieved by foreign banksREFERENCES Priority Sector lending information (2010). Retrieved on August 4, 2010 from-http//www. rbi. org. in/scripts/FAQView. aspx? Id=8Trends, issues and strategies (2010). Retrieved on Aug 5, 2010 from-http//www. academicjournals. org/jat/PDF/Pdf2009/December/Uppal. pdfPlanning direction reports on labour and employment (2010). Retrieved on Aug 5, 2010 from-http//books. google. co. in/books? id=qOOmWsfqfe4C&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=priority+sector+lending+appraisal&source=bl&ots=HZTEbRCSVo&sig=Q tcebyqWJ5xWqkZ_TMdmPzCp4-4&hl=en&ei=KbFaTLK7DISXrAe9u52-DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEsQ6AEwCAv=onepage&q&f=falseAll India Debt and Investment Surveys (2002). Retrieved on August 6 ,2010 from- http//www. rbi. org. in/scripts/BS_SpeechesView. aspx? Id=298Trend and Progress of Indian Banking 2008-09 (2009). Retrieved on August 6, 2010 from- http//www. rbi. org. in/scripts/AnnualPublications. aspx? head=Trend%20and%20Progress%20of%20Banking%20in%20India