Romeo and Juliet Paper Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Paper EssayOne who is immature may make rash decisions. When someone is immature they have a deprivation of experience. In literature, the choices a person makes may cause problems for themselves and the people around them. In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare portrays the two starcrossed lovers making decisions without thinking of the consequences that often lead to permanent damage. without the play, Romeo and Juliet are faced with coarse lasting feuds, starcrossed secret marriages, life, and overall stopping point. Due to several unexpected deaths, the characters in the story make decisions that cannot be reversed. William Shakespeare proves innocence/immaturity leads one to act rashly causing irreversible problems through the use of characterization and dramatic irony.Through Romeo and Juliets youthfulness and immaturity they believe they can conquer all without worrying about consequences. Just after Romeo and Juliet met, it was instantly lo ve at initiatory sight. Romeo admiring Juliet from her balcony when he overhears her talking about how she does not care that he was a Montague and that Montague was just a name. Romeo showedhimself to Juliet attesting her that he felt the same way. Juliet proceeds to tell Romeo he must leave, he states, I have night cloak to hide me from their eyes/ And but thou love me, let them find me here(predicate)/ My life were better ended by their hate/ Than death prorogued wanting of thy love (II.ii.7578).Romeo, as he is sitting on Juliets balcony, would rather be caught by the Capulet guards and be killed, then have to leave his true love, Juliet. Romeo acts overly dramatic as he would not mind dying as long as Juliet loves him. Romeo has only just met Juliet earlier that day and is already saying he would rather die than be without her. After Romeo is exiled from Verona, Juliet pretends to kill herself and Romeo actually kills himself, the beggar awakens Juliet. At first, Juliet is c onfused as she is not exactly sure what is going on.Then Juliet sees Romeos body on the floor and says, Whats here? A cup, closed in my trueloves hand?/ Poison, I see, hath been his timeless end/ Oh Churl Drunk all and left no friendly except/ To help me after? I will kiss thy lips,/ Haply some poison yet doth hang on them/ To make them die with a corrective (V.iii.161166). After Juliet finds her true love lying on the floor of her grave dead, she cannot control her emotions. All she wants is to be with Romeo. Not once does Juliet, take a upshot to think of the consequences of her actions. She acts quickly, without thinking and she kills herself, acting immaturity. Overall, Shakespeare demonstrates Romeo and Juliet acting immature and overdramatic when facing their starcrossed love.As addition to Romeo acting overdramatic, when he is faced with Juliets death,he acts childish and recklessly, causing irreversible results. After Romeo was banned from Verona because of his fight with Tybalt, Juliets parents decide that she must marry the county Paris at once. The Friar provides Juliet with a plan to escape her from the marriage with Paris.

The Properties Of Foreigner Talk

The Properties Of Foreigner TalkDescribe the properties of outsider talk and discuss its role in L2 learning. In your discussion, be sure to include supporting examples for foreigner talk and discuss them in light of Krashens Input Hypothesis (1985) and Longs Interaction Hypothesis (1981, 1983a, 1996).Particular over the past cardinal decades, related work on remark comprehensibility has accented on the nature of the linguistic environment available to pupils and its relationship to atomic number 42 Language eruditeness (SLA). Recent work has taken as basic the notion that conversational interaction in a second language (L2) forms the buns for L2 development alternatively than being only a forum for practice of specific language features (Wagner-Gouch Hatch, 1975 cited in Schorkhuber, 2007). In fact, some contemporary studies have shifted the centralize to an examination of the learners linguistic environment which is the target language available to the learner and how i t affects the learning process.It has been observed that immanent speakers (NSs) adjust their speech in conversation with non-native speakers (NNSs) in multiple ways. This modified register has been termed foreigner talk (FT) by Charles Ferguson (1975). He (1975) asserts that foreigner talk is the reduced and simplified version of a language that native speakers use to address other speakers for whom the language is not a native one, especially speakers who do not know the language at all. Due to the similarities surrounded by this type of speech and the speech that is usually directed at children, it is also sometimes called baby talk (e.g., Ferguson 1971). According to him, foreigner talk is the basis of the offspring of pidgin and Creole. It is also suggested that foreigner talk promotes learning as substantially as communication with the learner.In general, foreigner talk adjustments reveal speech patterns that would not unremarkably be utilize in conversations with NSs (G ass Selinker, 2001261). Instead, Gass and Selinker (2001) claim that foreigner talk shargons features in common with young children speech. According to Ferguson (1975), in phonology, it is characterise by a slow up rate of delivery, loudness, clear articulation, pauses, emphatic stress and exaggerated pronunciation. In lexis, it is characterised by occasional use of words from other languages, substitutions of items by synonyms, or paraphrases, use of heights frequency words and few idioms (Chaudron, 1979 cited in Tarone, 1980 ). In syntax, modification is presented through repetitions, elaborations, omissions and fill in the blank for learners incomplete utterances. In discourse, foreigner talk involves restating wh-questions as yes-no or or-choice questions, and so on (Hatch, 1979 cited in Tarone, 1980). Examples (1) and (2) show some of the characteristics of foreigner talk(1) NNS How have increasing food costs changed your eating habits?NS Well, we dont eat as much beef as we used to. We eat more chicken,and uh, pork and uh, fish, things like that.NNS Pardon me?NS We dont eat as much beef as we used to. We eat more chicken anduh, uh pork and fishWe dont eat beef very often. We dont havesteak like weused to.NNS Oh, okay.(2) NS What classes ar you taking at 10 oclock?NNS Sorry? 10 clock?NS What classes at 10 oclock?NNS 10 oclock, classes, uhScience.From the examples above, the functions of foreigner talk can be detected quite effortlessly where in example (1), NS repeated and lucubrate more fully the statement once the NNS indicated a lack of understanding in order to provide the NNS a comprehensible input. Likewise, NS practiced repetition in example (2) but in a more simplified form. Moreover, clue was provided to the NNS that 10 clock supposedly should be said as 10 oclock. Therefore, the comprehension of the NNS was again aided.Essentially, input is seen as a highly important factor in acquisition in many approaches to SLA. Krashens Input Hyp othesis, which largely predated Universal Grammar approaches to SLA research, continues to depict the strongest claim about the role of the linguistic environment in SLA. It states that L2 input must both be comprehensible and be at a put slightly beyond the learners previously acquired linguistic competence (i+1) in order to be acquired (Krashen, 1982 cited in Schorkhuber, 2007). In brief, within Krashens framework, if input is understood, the undeniable grammar is automatically provided however, if input is not comprehensible, it cannot serve acquisition at all. That is to say, comprehensible input that occurred in the examples above, delivered in affective filter situation, is held to be not only a necessary condition for acquisition, but actually causing acquisition to the NNS.On top of that, the line of research that focuses on interactional structure of conversation, such as foreigner talk was developed in many years by several researchers (e.g., Gass and Varonis, 1985, 198 9 Long, 1981, 1983 Pica, 1987, 1988 cited in Gass, 2007234). The emphasis is on the role which negotiated interaction between NSs and NSSs and between two NNSs plays in the development of L2. According to Gass (2007234), conversational interaction in a L2 like foreigner talk discourse also forms the foundation for the development of L2 rather than being only a platform for practice of particular language features, more specifically when it comes to the negotiation of meaning. In fact, this claim has been proposed by Michael Long (1996 451-2) as the Interaction Hypothesis.In the similar situation like which Long (1996 451-2) has stated, foreigner talk posits interaction between NNSs and NSs, creates a naturalistic Second Language Acquisition environment where the NNSs learn through negotiation of meaning and attention is focussed (Mac let on, 1999 cited in Gass, 2007) on gaps in their target language knowledge. Therefore, the acquisition of L2 could be facilitated well because foreig ner talk connects input, internal learner capacities, particularly selective attention, and output in productive ways (Long, 1996). One of the examples of conversation of foreigner talk is as follow(3) NS Theres.. theres a drinking bottle on the table.NNS A what?NS Bottle, drinking bottle to drink water?NNS Boar?NS You drink water from it, if you are thirsty. drinkable bottle.NNS Ahh, ahh, bottle to drink, you say drinking bottleNS Yes.Throughout the conversation of foreigner talk, the NNS acknowledges the fact that the new word drinking bottle came from the interaction and especially as a consequence of the negotiation work. The Interaction Hypothesis has been proven where it establishes that when a learner or NNS is attempting to negotiate conversation in the target language, the gaps in his/her abilities are revealed to him/herself. Generally, these abilities include pronunciation, syntax, grammar and vocabulary. Subsequently, the Interaction Hypothesis concludes that this s elf-realisation, brought about by authentic interaction, will encourage the NNS to produce target language output to negotiate meaning and judge out the knowledge they lack. Also, the interaction between the learner who is a NNS and other NNSs or NSs, results in language acquisition on the part of him/herself, meaning he/she has internalised and modified that chunk of language and will be able to produce correct output later when necessary.In the meantime, Interaction Hypothesis reveals that fit outs are the key to the SLA process (Long, 1983b cited in Brulhart, 1986). One way the learner realises the gaps in their knowledge is by checking with the person they are having a conversation with during foreigner talk. The simplest of which are cognize as modification checks. There are several different types of interaction modification checks that take place during a natural conversation which assist the learner advance in the target language. The first one is clarification requests w hich the learner recognises a word that they are strange with and they ask for clarification. In general, clarification requests are formed by questions but may consist of wh- or yes-no questions, as well as tag questions. For example, What did u mean? After this, the interlocutor (NS) is ask either to furnish new information or to recode information previously given. Secondly, it is confirmation check which the learner reacts to a sentence uttered by the other speaker and uses the L2 to confirm that they understood correctly. They always involve repetition of all part of the interlocutors preceding utterance (Long, 1980 81-2, cited in Hasan, 2008 41).The example is as under(4) NNS Do you want to come over and study tonight?NS Sorry, I have to do my landry.NNS Your..laundry? (comfirmation check)NS Yeah, my laundry. My clothes dirty.The third modification check is comprehension check (Long, 1980 cited in Hasan, 2008). The learner asks a question to the other person in the conve rsation to confirm that they understood the meaning of the learners sentences. For instance, Do you understand? In effect, this issue of checks could provide the learner with opportunities, builds positive affective feelings of confidence and learning opportunities. Also, conversational breakdown could also be avoided.In conclusion, foreigner talk has meant a focus on the linguistic and discourse structure of the NSs input to the learner (NNS), with a view to eventually determining the influence of that structure on L2 learning. Besides, the modification checks which are carried out during foreigner talk could assure that comprehension of the learners is checked explicitly, and utterances which are unclear are clarified and understood. Therefore, as Foster (1998 cited in Hasan, 2008 42) claims that checking and clarifying job utterances (negotiating for meaning) ensures the learners receive comprehensible input and generate comprehensible output, it should be noted that foreigner talk is truly helpful and crucial to SLA.

Syndicated Data And Standardized Services And Their Differences Marketing Essay

Syndicated Data And regulate serve up And Their Differences Marketing EssayAt work, I am involved in the selection regale of look suppliers for the sake of annual staff valuates, benefits surveys and for mystery shopper program and analysis, I realize the operate offered by the look into persistence has liberal greatly in the past decade. So I am interested to find out the kind of serve ups research agencies offer, and virtu exclusivelyy the commercialize place placeing research industry worldwide. This stem is therefore relatively selective tuitional, in which I imbibe included a lot of named research suppliers who were listed and found from the various book references, depository library and internet sources in order to bide the different categories of the dish ups. There will be little emphasis on effectated discussion, as the objective of this paper aims to explain the syndicated entropy and modularized works offered by research agencies, distinguish thei r differences, various applications and sources of selective data. Both services argon common nowadays in Asia, curiously the SMEs (Sm in all to medium sized enterprise) that atomic number 18 utilize such(prenominal) research information for nurturing the success of their organizations, however the difficulties to operate a nation-wide approach in Asia is discussed. I have alike included a sample of a standardized service in Hong Kong, WorkHK by Towers Watson, in the argona of job satis accompanimention survey and its offshoot is sh atomic number 18d here.Introduction What is Syndicated info and Standardized servicesToday, everyplace $20 billion a year is spent on market/advertising/ normal opinion research services around the world. Spending on marketing research is $6.9 billion in the United States alone. During the past both decades, the research market has become highly concentrated, with about 54 percent of the market being held by the 50 largest worldwide organi zations. The other half of the market is sh ard by a thousand or more small research firms. The concentration is even more pronounced in the United States, where the 10 largest firms account for 64 percent of total U.S. spending for marketing research (Wileys Marketing Research Industry and Research Ethics article, p.26).In the highly competitive retail market, dread the customer is paramount. In order to fill in the gaps of consumers purchasing motive and actual buying, companies have to understand the customers, and of course, marketing research is the tool for gaining knowledge about the customers.Marketing research is a systematic gathering of information and such analysis of information gathered connects the consumers and the public to the marketer so as to separate the marketing problems and opportunities, assess marketing actions, manage the marketing performance, and improve the overall marketing affect. Marketing research information is forgetd by research suppliers which lot be either an national supplier or an remote supplier. Most manufacturers, retailers, and service businesses, such as McDonalds, Kraft Foods or Ameri stooge Airlines, have small internal marketing research departments, and Procter and Gamble (PG) has a large internal research department. External suppliers are outside marketing research companies hired to supply marketing research data and they can be classified as full service supplier firms and limited service supplier firms full service suppliers are companies that offer full range of marketing research activities, they translate standardized information which involves two broad classes, namely the syndicated data services and standardized services which this paper revolve aboutes to discuss. Figure 1.0 indicates the overall services go forthd by an information supplier.What it means by Syndicated Data and Standardized ServicesAccording to Curry (1993) and Kolb (2008), syndicated data is a form of external and seco ndary data supplied in a standardized format and ready-to-use routine information made available to multiple subscribers known as a syndicate in a common database, which means the information is not tailor made to meet the demand of any particular fraternity or designed to solve client- circumstantial problems, the data format is designed to provide a standard, ongoing vehicle to facilitate the collection of data. Syndicated data is provided in a common data base for a service fee charged to subscribers and these research firms which provide the data are known as syndicated data service firms. These suppliers offer syndicated data on a subscription basis to all subscribing members of the syndicate, such detailed information can be of value to companies in a specific trade but may not be available in libraries. Syndicated data suppliers collect data on a continuing basis regarding the inhalation of a specific product or products or the purchasing behavior of a specific target mark et segment. These data are then interchange to companies, which specify how much data they want and the analysis they require the more data and analysis that are required, the higher the price and what they do not do is conducting research specifically for any single client company. With syndicated data, both the process of collecting and analyzing the data and the data itself are standardized, firms supplying syndicated data follow standard research formats and uniform reports that enable them to collect the same standardized data over time at biannual intervals. Common types of syndicated data measure retail sales, wholesale product shipments, consumer panels, advertising media earreachs, advertising force, and consumer attitudes. ACNielsen TV Ratings and IRI are examples of two large syndicated data services firms, ACNielson collects information on TV and media viewing and also on ad recognition on the internet, anyone, including the public, can buy the products they sell b y visiting their website.On the other hand, standardized services rarely provide clients with standardized data, rather, they provide the research process. Zikmund (2003, p.74) explained that standardized services refer to a marketing research process that is standardized and used to generate information for a particular user and the application of that standardized process will result in different data for each client, even though the standardized process is the same in gathering the data. For example, a client will use a standardized service firm to measure customer satisfaction, instead of growth its own process. Several other marketing research services, such as test marketing, naming new brands, pricing a new product, or using mystery shoppers, can be provided or purchased from standardized service firms. Synovates ProductQuest service assists in developing new products and improving existing products. Baltimore Research offers a taunt Trials service to clients involved in li tigation, to listen to different attorney presentations so that the litigants attorneys can have wear presentation ways to impact the jurors.Advantages and Disadvantages of Syndicated Data and Standardized ServicesAdvantages of Syndicated DataA key advantage of syndicated data is on the shared costs of the data among users as many clients may subscribe to the same information, thus making the cost of the service greatly reduced. Burns Bush (2010, p.205) made it clear that collectible to the quality of the data collect is typically rattling high and requiring a huge amount of cost, so the share of affordable cost with several(prenominal) users asserts the validity and reliability quality of the data. Another advantage is that the data are normally disseminated very quickly because of the routinized systems, standard procedures and methods used to collect and process the data over and over again on a periodic basis. Besides, the information is current, the more current the data, the greater is the use. Syndicated data services can at least aid in the formulation of the clients decision problem, suggest types of data for meeting the information wants, and service as a source of comparative data by which internal data from within the organization cannot achieve.Advantages of Standardized ServicesThe advantage of using standardized service suppliers is mainly buying the experience of the research firm, especially when the buyer company does not have enough the experience personnel to carry out a particular research process. Besides, using standardized services helps to reduce cost of the buyer when the trial and error process and potential errors can be minimized. Since the standardized service suppliers has been conducting the service for many clients regularly, their procedure is therefore efficient in delivering the result as compared to having the research process by the buying company themselves. Most essentially is the time saved for buying company in collecting similar data by themselves, because several weeks or months may be required to design, pretest a survey or questionnaire, train the interviewers, devise a sampling plan, collect and process the data. In addition, such cost of the project could be tremendous but it can be much reduced by employing the services from external standardized suppliers. Due to the perpetually availability of standardized services, it is therefore important in the marketing research application.Disadvantages of Syndicated DataSince the format is standardized, buyers have little control over what information is collected and must be satisfied with the standardized information received. Buyers may feel helpless if the units of measurement or definition of classes, recency of data, publication currencies and the units of geographical data are not appropriate which are summarized as the data fit problem. Burns Bush (2010, pp.205-6) gave a second disadvantage, that buyers must often commit to a bulky-term contract which whole serves to secure the expenses required by the syndicated data supplier on the quality and vast scope of research. The last and most all important(p) disadvantage is that the same data is available to competitors, that is, what the client firm buy and see from the report, the competitors also see the same analysis and picture.Disadvantages of Standardized ServicesNaturally, the articulate standardized automatically implies the service is not customized, standard service suppliers do not design a service specifically for the clients project. Besides, Zikmund (2003, p.113) stated that the standardized service supplier may not know a particular industry well so it becomes the responsibility of the buying company to ensure the standardized service really fits their intention. This accuracy problem poses a limitation and can only be minimized if the buying company has a comprehensive knowledge of the research process so as to evaluate the accuracy of the data and assess the evidences regarding the quality of the data as well.Applications of Standardized InformationStandardized information is a type of secondary data which can be either syndicated or standardized, in which the data collected and/or the process of collecting the data are standardized for all users. Standardized information can have many applications, in general, it includes measuring the consumer attitudes, clarifying market segments, conducting market traverseing and monitoring the habitude of media and effectiveness of promotional activities.Measuring consumer attitudes and opinion pollsBurns Bush (2010, pp.206-207) gives plenty of examples for this kind of suppliers The Maritz Poll uses a standardized process to ensure that consumer attitudes and opinions are properly measured, and these polls are examples of a standardized service. ESRIs tapestry Segmentation is a standardized service that uses a process to profile residential neighborhoods. This information is purchased by clients desiring to better understand who their customers are, where they are located and how to reach them.The Yankelovich Monitor measures changing kindly values and their impact on consumers. It specializes in generating studies on uprise races, baby boomers and Generation Xers. These data are syndicated which is available to anyone who wishes to buy, and the information can be used for a variety of marketing decisions.Ipsos Public Affairs produces Ipsos globular dvisor to study the companys proprietary consultations so that company can better understand how consumers and key stakeholders view its reputation as a brand. Coca-Cola is its subscribers.The Harris Poll measures consumer attitudes and opinions on administration and economy, and other topics include politics, world affairs and legal issues. Harris poll is a source for identifying trend lines and is standardized information offering syndicated data.The Gallup Poll (http//poll.gallup.com/) measures p ublic opinion polling on a wide variety of topics, such as domestic issues, private issues or world affairs, military and defense, stem cell research, smoking population percentage over time, etc. Gallup poll is syndicated data, as the information is available to all who wish to buy. Client firms can rails attitudes of consumers toward buying private brands or their attitudes.Defining market segmentsThis research method requires placing customers to share certain attributes, such as age, income, into uniform groups or market segments. The Stanford Research Institute, for example, conducts an annual survey of consumers and classifies them into homogeneous groups for market segmentation purposes. Some standardized information sources focus on members of the industrial market, two sources being the North American Industry Classification establishment (NAICS) and Standard industrial Classification (SIC) system allow marketers to define industry types more specifically.Dun Bradstreet (DB) credit bureau collects vast amount of information on business firms, private and public. While SIC uses 4 digits codes and NAICS uses 6, DBs Duns Market Identifiers (DMI) uses 8 digits classification system to identify firms into very specific types of businesses. Since DB originated as a credit reporting firm and companies already supplied DB with detailed information about their operations, allow DB create databases containing a wide spectrum of business information. This is important if a marketer is trying to target specific business firms, however narrow their classification.Other standardized information sources provide information on members of the consumer market. SRI Consulting profession Intelligences (SRIC-BIs) VALS program (www.sric-bi.com/VALS/) segments consumers by psychological and demographic measures, placed them in each of eight personality segments. This knowledge of consumers behaviors helps the client firm develop a deeper disposition of its target mark et consumer. Birn (2000, p.74) brought in the term, geodemographics, which describes the classification of usually small geographical areas and related to the characteristics of the inhabitants. Research firms specializing in geodemographics combine census data with survey data. Boyd, cart Larrch (1998, pp. 171-179) further substantiated this service by referring it as PRIZM, (Potential Ratings Index for ZIP Markets) which defines every neighborhood in the US based upon 66 household market segments. ESRIs Tapestry also divides US residential ZIP codes into 65 segments based upon selected demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Nielsen Claritas (http//www.claritas.com) and Acorn help sending promotion messages to targeted consumers and they have created desktop products that assist marketing managers to conduct regional and national segmentation studies. Knowing which market segments helps to make up a client firms potential customers.Conducting market trackingTracking studi es are those that monitor, or track a variable such as market share or sales over time. Tracking studies can tell a firm how well the products are being sold in retail outlets globally and also the sales status on competitors products. Nielsen SCANTRACK Services is based on syndicated retail scanning data, tracks thousands of products as they move through retail stores, allowing brand managers to monitor sales and market share and to evaluate marketing strategies. As for market tracking at the household level, it is gathered in homes using scanning devices or through the use of diaries and sending auditors to households. Nielsen Homescan Panel, uses scanning device to scan all bar-coded products brought home from all outlets. IRI ScanKey Consumer Network Household Panel, an example given by Malhotra Birks (2000), maintains a panel of consumer households that record purchases at outlets by using a take hold ScanKey wand. Todays technology is so advanced that a user of information can easily be overloaded with information, various companies have therefore created decision support systems, data mining systems, expert systems and the like by using analytical tools to attach meaning to data, allowing marketers to make decisions in response to the quickly changing market conditions.Monitoring media usage and promotion effectivenessIn order to measure the promotional effectiveness in media, readership, listenership effectiveness, some syndicated data service companies conduct studies on several forms of media. To track boob tube, Nielsen Television Index (NTI) records boob tube ratings data which are reported by DMAs (designed market areas). Naturally higher viewership of certain programs allow the television company to charge higher fee for advertisements. NTI also provides subscribers with audience characteristic information that allows potential advertisers to select audiences that most closely match their target markets characteristics.To track radio, Arbitr on Panel provides syndicated data on radio station listening through selected samples who record their radio listening in diaries and Arbitrons Portale People Meter (PPMSM), a hand-held electronic device in the size of a mobile earphone, automatically records the stations listened to. The procedures for measuring advertising effectiveness are standardized for comparing the results crosswise studies. To track print, MRIs Starch Readership Survey is widely used for measuring the actual exposure of magazine ads to readers Gallup and Robinson Magazine Impact Studies are another well-known syndicated service firms, aim to help marketers make decisions about what comprises a good ad.To track downloaded music, videos and recorded books, Nielsens SoundScan, VideoScan and BookScan separately provides information on the downloaded music, sales of VHS and DVD and sales of books.To track Multimedia, Simmons National Consumer Study gathers information on media usage linked to product usage, thi s information allows companies to determine the viewing/listening media habits of users. Nowadays, on-line consumer word of mouth or on-line consumer business have been shared through the internet world, via websites, blogs, facebook, discussion forums, companies can keep track of what is being said about them and their products by subscribing to BussMetrics from the Nielsen caller-out (Hester, 1996, pp. 169-170 and Burns Bush, 2010, pp. 219-222).Monitoring health related facilities and pharmaceutical productsIMS Health Incorporated, as mentioned by Burn Bush (2010, p.76), is the worlds second largest research firm, providing services in over 100 countries. IMS services include pharmacy and hospital audits plus the measurement of disease and treatment patterns. Westat, Americas third largest research firm, conducts research and long-term follow-up surveys for agencies of the US government and businesses foundations. Major areas include health, education, social programs, environm ent and transportation.Sources and Suppliers of Data Primary and external syndicated lowly DataPrimary and secondary data are two main sources of data. Primary research starts from raw scratch, collected specifically for the research needs to solve the problem at hand. Secondary data already exists and are already published as they were collected for purposes other than the specific research needs at hand and usually used by someone else. Secondary data are therefore more economical than primary research which is a quick source of background information, but the format seldom meets the needs of the researcher. In a marketing problem definition process, analysis of available secondary data is an essential step and primary data should not be collected until the available secondary data have been fully analyzed. Scott (2009) alerted marketers with international marketing research that few problems may arise because customers may vary due to different cultures, traditions, beliefs and expectations. If this happens, separate country should collect individual countrys secondary information and then compare the data difference, which means international marketing research better counts more on original primary data instead of secondary information.Primary data sourcesPrimary data is original and normally organizations commission external researcher to establish the techniques, measurement and analysis for them. The technical aspects of conducting various types of primary marketing research relies on qualitative research methods, which means working with focus groups, conducting surveys, questionnaires, interviews and experiments. Wilson (2006, pp. 37) said this is a skilled task that requires careful thought and planning whereby a poorly designed questionnaire can jeopardize the response rates and provide incomplete or inaccurate data. Besides, determining the sample involves clearly specifying the types of respondent to be included, the number of respondents requi red and the method by which individual respondents will be selected. To conduct focus groups and interviewing, the researchers need to be well trained to ensure unbiased judgment and uphold the ethics to respect the rights of the respondents. Most companies will outsource the data collection process and rarely have it conducted by the companys internal personnel.Syndicated sources and Suppliers of Secondary DataSecondary data can be classified as coming from internal sources or external sources. Boyd et. al. (1998, p.80) specified clearly that internal sources can be available within the organization when every organization has at its disposal valuable internal secondary data, such as sales invoices, estimates of total annual usage of a product, advertising and promotion activities recorded, research and phylogeny and manufacturing reports or service by location, etc. that can be an important starting point for any marketing research project. External data can be available from var ious sources, such as government statistical publications, trade association data, books, bulletins, annual reports and business periodicals which can be free from library resources. Otherwise, external data sources not available in libraries are usually standardized data which are comparatively expensive. These secondary data are supplied by syndicated services suppliers to many client firms, anyone willing to pay the price can buy the data.One method of obtaining secondary data is frequently through surveys, which could be periodic surveys on the same set of variables conducted at regular intervals or panel surveys to measure the same panel respondents over time but not necessarily on the same variable or shared surveys are developed and executed for multiple clients when each of them share the cost. A number of firms maintain panels of respondents who are matched to the general population in terms of age, income and who agree in advance to participate in surveys, typically by mai l or phone and response rates within the panels tend to be high and the demographic and lifestyle information are already available . Curry (1993) classified syndicated data sources as a) consumer data, b) retail data, c) wholesale data, d) industrial data, e) advertising evaluation data, and f) media and audience data.Consumer data normally relates to purchases and the circumstances surrounding the purchases. Kinnear Taylor (1991, pp.151-155, 164) provided examples of these suppliers The National Purchase Diary (NPD, http//www.npd.com/) maintains over 30,000 households who keep diaries of purchases. The Marketing Research Corporation of America (MRCA) maintains a diary panel that records details on purchase of groceries and personal care items. Mediamark Inc. has annual survey that includes overall breakdown of usage by demographic category. The Roper Reports monitor public opinion and consumer behavior and interests on a broad range of social and political topics and on opinions of various consumer products and services. Yankelovich Clancy Shulmans Monitor Service conducts annual survey of households on social trends. Regarding consumers attitudes and buying behavior, Burgoyne Consumer Surveys provides in-store consumer on-the-spot reactions to marketing and product innovations, DDB Needham and Gallup Omnibus conducts long term tracking of attitudes and opinions. PRIZM serves to explain, predict target consumer behavior while the Survey Research Center at University of Michigan monitors consumer consumption patterns, attitudes and intentions on financial issues. sell Data collected focus on the products or services sold through the outlets and/or the characteristics of the outlets themselves. Hair, Bush Ortinau (2006, pp. 12-13) mentioned ACNielens Retail Index and examines Surveys National Total-Market Audit provide data on total sales by product class, sales by brand and of competing brands in supermarkets, drugstores. IRI (http//www.infores.com/) and ACNielsen (http//www.acnielsen.com/) basically dominate the retail scanner business. image scanner data are collected in two separate forms (household level and store level) and for two distinct sets of clients (manufacturers and retailers). In addition, three other sets of data are also maintained, they are (a) prices, features and displays at the retail level (b) coupons and other promotions (c) advertising on TV, print, radio. Audits Survey also provides National Restaurant Market index on the commercial restaurant market annually. Ehrhart-Babic Group provides syndicated in-store distribution data and new-product-introduction performance data through their National Retail Tracking Index. BehaviorScan and InfoScan by IRI assist in multiple market testing and tracking services while DBs National Scan Track provides projection to monitor displays in supermarkets.Wholesale data are storage warehouse shipment data used to estimate sales at retail. Birn (1999) told us that SAMI (Sel ling Areas-Marketing, Inc.) is the best known syndicated service of this type, especially for retail food stores. SAMIs data allow the client to analyze trends in sales or package size and the impact of promotions and competitive actions. These data also serve as an intermediary audit purpose in the distribution chain, wholesalers and formal examination of product movement by analyzing inventory. Pipeline Research Inc. provides audit service on warehouse inventories of drug products monthly. Then P-O-S Research audits the national warehouse movement and trend line of products sold through food store distribution, including grocery, frozen, dairy, household, health and beauty aids.Industrial data are more syndicated data services available to consumer goods manufacturers rather than to industrial goods suppliers. Birn (1999) shared that DBs Market Identifiers provides data on companies rated by DB, which can be used to construct sales prospect lists, identify sales territories, sale s potentials, and so forth. McGraw-Hills Dodge Reports collects data from building material manufacturers and distributors so the data can be used in marketing building products while Polk Companys Motor Statistics provides vehicles registration data.Advertising Evaluation data help advertisers in measuring the effectiveness of their ad expenditures in broadcast and print media. AdTel, ARS (Advertising Research Service), CATS (Comprehensive Advertising Tracking System) offer comprehensive and continuous tracking of weight and quality of commercial ads in terms of GRPs (Gross Rating Points). Starch Message Reports, Gallup and Robinson Magazine Impact Studies are most widely used syndicated services on readership. Burns Bush (2010, p.150) cited Audit Bureau of Circulation (ABC) is a standardized, independent third party audit bureau, aims to confirm methodology, verification of lists and credibility of the content of magazines which are very helpful to the magazine industry providing advertisers with richer data on magazine readership.Media and audience data Media companies include advertising agencies, sales promotion companies, public relations agencies, and direct marketing firms which are all concerned with getting the right message to the right target market, the advertising effects of competitors, how much they are spending and the media mix, hence marketing research information is often required to accomplish this goal. For example, companies that advertise on network television want to select shows that reach their target customers most efficiently so they need information on the size, demographic and psychographics composition of the audiences for various TV programs. Firms like NMR and American Research Bureau provide standardized TV audience ratings to a syndicate group of clients. The Simmons Market Research Bureau compares audience characteristics. Kolb (2008, p.64) mentioned it would be greatly inefficient for company to collect these data by the mselves, only ad agencies have internal research department as they need to find the correct marketing message and the best image to represent a client company and also the best media to use.Marketing Evaluations, Inc., for example, offers several Q Scores services, one of its services measures the familiarity and appeal of performers, such as actors/ actresses, authors, athletes, sportscasters, and so forth. Such information helps companies to choose the most appropriate spokesperson or help a movie producer select a performer for an upcoming movie. Scott (2009) gave an interesting fact that Tom Hanks and Bill Cosby, for example, are performers who have high Q scores. Nielsen Media Researchs Nielsen Television Index (NTI), is another example of a syndicated data provider, supplying subscribers with data on TV viewing, available to anyone wishing to buy it. Arbitron and ACB (Advertising Checking Bureau) offer syndicated data on the number and types of listeners to the various radio stations. This standardized information helps advertising firms reach their target markets and also helps radio stations define audience size and characteristics.One must not undermine the service by the research giant, VNU Inc. (VNU), founded in 1964, is a major international media and information company and the largest company owned by VNU is ACNielsen. Hair et.al. (2006) gave a thorough introduction of ACNielsen, that it is broken down into several companies a) Nielsen Media Research (NMR) provides television audience measurement information b) NetRatings Inc. (NR) reports on internet and digital media syndicated research c) Entertainment Information share (NE) serves the entertainment industry, including movies, music and home entertainment d) Media Solutions Division includes PERQ/HCI providing healthcare audience measurement, Scarborough Research (SR) measures local and regional shopping patterns of American consumers, Standard Rate Data Services (SRDS) offers the worlds l argest database on media rates, Interactive Market Systems (IMS) offers audience profiling.Single Source DataSingle source data means continuously monitor a panel of respondents on media exposure, promotional material exposure, and buying behavior to measure their exposure to promotional material

Comparing Dharkers Blessing versus Ezelkiels Night of the Scorpion Es

Blessing & Night of the ScorpionBlessing, by Imbilz Dharker and Night Of The Scorpion by Nissim Ezelkiel both give lessons us a lot about a nonher culture. two songs atomic number 18 set in India and so the people in the meter havent got much and so cherish what they do have. I shall discerp the similarities and the differences between the two enthralling poems and then evaluate my findings.The Night of the Scorpion was written by Imbilz Dharker and is ground in India. The title immediately draws the readers heed as it makes you wonder what it means. It also gives an evil and sinister feel to the poem. The first line is brunt and as well as the point I remember the night my mother was pestered by a scorpion. The night of the Scorpion has real sinewy religious links as it refers to morality many times throughout the poem. You can feel the fabricators distain for the scorpion in the opening lines flash of diabolic tail in the dark style. The word diabolic may be a refer to the devil. Diablo is the Spanish word for devil and there atomic number 18 more mentions of the devil later on, when the poem refers to the scorpion as The evil one.The people in the poem are all very religious, except possibly the father of the narrator, buzzed the Name of God a hundred times to paralyse the Evil One. The peasants of the horizontal surface use phrases such as May the sum of evil balanced in this visionary world showing that they believe that it is the will of God that is causation this and only he can stop this.The peasants go about trying to find the scorpion they searched for him, he was not found but alas they could not. This increases the drama and focus of the poem as the reader wants to know what will happen now that they have not found the scorpion. The peop... ...arn.In conclusion Blessing and The Night of the Scorpion are very similar. They are both about poor undeveloped countries, both poems have a lack of something ( wet/medical knowledge). Th e people in both stories are highly religious and express their emotions freely. The people in both poems fell desperation at some time. However there are also vauntingly differences between the two poems like for example Blessing is a lot more commanding than The Night of the Scorpion which is very dark and sinister. Both poems have strong morals but they do differ. The peoples values are also very different. The people in Blessing are desperate for water but in The Night of the Scorpion it has rained for ten hours. Both of the poems are very strong with a clear message, they move you with emotive language, and they are both puff up thought out poems with underlying messages. Comparing Dharkers Blessing versus Ezelkiels Night of the Scorpion EsBlessing & Night of the ScorpionBlessing, by Imbilz Dharker and Night Of The Scorpion by Nissim Ezelkiel both teach us a lot about another culture. Both poems are set in India and so the people in the poem havent got much and so cherish what they do have. I shall analyse the similarities and the differences between the two enthralling poems and then evaluate my findings.The Night of the Scorpion was written by Imbilz Dharker and is based in India. The title immediately draws the readers attention as it makes you wonder what it means. It also gives an evil and sinister feel to the poem. The first line is brunt and too the point I remember the night my mother was stung by a scorpion. The night of the Scorpion has very strong religious links as it refers to religion many times throughout the poem. You can feel the narrators distain for the scorpion in the opening lines flash of diabolic tail in the dark room. The word diabolic may be a reference to the devil. Diablo is the Spanish word for devil and there are more mentions of the devil later on, when the poem refers to the scorpion as The evil one.The people in the poem are all very religious, except possibly the father of the narrator, buzzed the Name of God a hundred times to paralyse the Evil One. The peasants of the story use phrases such as May the sum of evil balanced in this unreal world showing that they believe that it is the will of God that is causing this and only he can stop this.The peasants go about trying to find the scorpion they searched for him, he was not found but alas they could not. This increases the drama and tension of the poem as the reader wants to know what will happen now that they have not found the scorpion. The peop... ...arn.In conclusion Blessing and The Night of the Scorpion are very similar. They are both about poor undeveloped countries, both poems have a lack of something (water/medical knowledge). The people in both stories are highly religious and express their emotions freely. The people in both poems fell desperation at some time. However there are also big differences between the two poems like for example Blessing is a lot more positive than The Night of the Scorpion which is very dark and sinister. Both poems have strong morals but they do differ. The peoples values are also very different. The people in Blessing are desperate for water but in The Night of the Scorpion it has rained for ten hours. Both of the poems are very strong with a clear message, they move you with emotive language, and they are both well thought out poems with underlying messages.

The Heroic Code Essay -- Trojan Princes Epic Heroes Essays

The Heroic Code Often, epic heroes can be characterized the same way. They are portrayed as superhuman beings, possessing strength, sensible beauty, and intelligence. These heroes aspired to live by a heroic code that would ensure immortality by keeping their memory alive in the people. Homers The Iliad shows how the heroic code was ingrained in ancient Greek warriors. In many cases, the Greeks put this code of honor above their own lives. During a battle, Glaukos, a Trojan, and Diomedes, an Achaian, encounter one another in a space between the two armies. By chance Diomedes asks who his enemy is. The two men then realize that their fathers were friends. To keep the family friendship alive, the men donation a handshake of peace. This embrace shows how the Greek warriors were de...

Don Quijote and the Neuroscience of Metafiction Essay -- Quixote Migue

Don Quijote and the Neuroscience of MetafictionWhat is metafiction? Its original meaning was a fiction that both creates an illusionand lays beam that illusion.1 But the term has expanded and expanded to include anyfiction that even nurtures the idea of fiction. That can cover a lot of things, scratch with theIliad.2Id same to go back to the original idea. In my understanding, metafictions tell storiesin which the physical medium of the story becomes part of the story. Among contemporarywriters of fiction one could mention my erstwhile colleagues John Barth, Donald Barthelme,and Ray Federman. Others are Borges, Calvino, Nabokov, Umberto Eco, John Fowles,Salman Rushdie, and on and on. Metafiction has become very popular in our questioningcenturies, the twentieth and twenty-first. But, from previous times, one could direct toDiderots Jacques le Fataliste or Sternes Tristram Shandy. The events of Tristram Shandyinclude the very copy of Tristram Shandy I am holding in my hand.Metafi ctions lead to some of the more dizzying cause possible in literature. In DorisLessings The Golden Notebook, for example, one of the notebooks tells about a novelisttrying to write a novel. A friend asks her to give him the first sentence, and the novelistrattles aside the first sentence of The Golden Notebook itself.Drama--metadrama--gets this effect in the metatheatrical tradition of Pirandellos SixCharacters in Search of an Author or Henry IV, and many of the absurdists like Genet or1Ionesco or Weiss, in which characters point to the play they are acting in. In movies, youcould also point to Woody Allens Purple rose of Cairo or Bergmans Persona or AlejandroAmenbar, Abre los Ojos, and espcially Sp... ...e from Linear Time Prefrontal Cortex andConscious Experience. In The Cognitive Neurosciences, ed. Michael S.Gazzaniga, 135771. Cambridge MA MIT Press, 1995.Llins, Rodolfo R. The I of the Vortex From Neurons to Self. Cambridge MA MIT Press,2001.Passingham, Richard. The Frontal Lo bes and Voluntary Action. Oxford Psychology Series 21.New York and London Oxford University Press, 1993.Rolls, Edmund T. A Theory of Emotion and Consciousness, and Its Application toUnderstanding the Neural Basis of Emotion. The Cognitive Neurosciences. Ed.Michael S. Gazzaniga. Cambridge MA MIT P, 1995. 1091-1106.Scott, A. O. Forever Obsessing About Obsession. Review of Jonze, Adaptation. The NewYork Times, 6 December 2002, Section E, Column 1, Page 1.Waugh, Patricia. Metafiction The Theory and Practice of Self-Conscious Fiction. New YorkRoutledge, 1984.

The Shift in Abortion Policy in the 1800s Essay -- History Abortion Fe

The Shift in Abortion Policy in the 1800sIn 1800 no jurisdiction in the United Sates had enacted any statutes whatsoever on the up to(p) of spontaneous abortion... Yet by 1900 virtually every jurisdiction in the United States had laws upon its books that proscribed the practice sharply and declared most abortions to be criminal offenses (Mohr p. VII).societal Changes from the Early 1800s to the Mid 1800sDuring the early 1800s, abortion at the beginning of a pregnancy was neither immoral nor criminal. Common law held that before quickening, the first sensing of fetal movement by the mother, usually during the second trimester, the foetus was non alive or independent. After quickening abortion was a criminal offense, because the fetus had demonstrated the beginnings of independent life (Mohr p. 1). Since the point of quickening varied from woman to woman and depended upon her word, it was near impossible to prosecute criminal abortions (Mohr p. 2). Most of the laws of the early 180 0s were aimed not at prosecuting women for obtaining an abortion, but rather to protect them from medical malpractice such as poisoning, physical harm, and unwanted abortions (Mohr p. 21, 28) (see mollie smith case link).Information on abortion was available to women primarily through home medical manuals and journals. Abortion information was usually available in two sections of home medical books how to ?release foreclose menses? and ?dangers? to avoid during pregnancy. The latter section was a sort of how-to in reverse that could be effectively put to use by the reader. The most widely consulted work, Buchans Domestic Medicine, advised emetics and a mixture of prepared steel, powdered myrrh, and aloe to ?restore menstrual flow.? Under caus... ...tives, sixth ed. Worth Publishers. 2001 Mohr, James C. Abortion in the States The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800-1900. Oxford University Press New York, New York. 1978. New York Times, Aug 23 1871, Aug 27 1871, Aug 30 1 871, Aug 31 1871, Oct 29 1871.Shryock, R. H. Medicine and Society in the States 1660-1860. Ithaca, NY Cornell. 1960Starr, P. Medicine, Economy and Society in Nineteenth century America, Journal of Social History. 1977. pp10, 588-607.Taverne, Dick. The Huge Benefits of GM are being Blocked by Blind Opposition, The defender 3 Mar. 2004 24.Wertz, R., and Wertz D. Lying-In A History of Childbirth in America. New York Free Press. 1997Wilson, Richard K. DNA 50 Years Later, St. Louis Post 27 Feb. 2003 B7.Zeitz, Joshua M. The Big harp about the Little Pill, NEED NAME OF PAPER OR JOURNAL27 Dec. 2004 A17.